GDF15 promotes weight loss by enhancing energy expenditure in muscle

Funding Information: We thank R. Seeley for sharing GFRAL-null mice; B. Lowell for sharing β-less mice; and J. Wu for shipping β-less mice to us. G.R.S. was supported by a Diabetes Canada Investigator Award (DI-5-17-5302-GS), a Canadian Institutes of Health Research Foundation Grant (201709FDN-CEBA-116200), a Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in Metabolic Diseases and a J. Bruce Duncan Endowed Chair in Metabolic Diseases; D.W. by Fellowship Grants from the McMaster Institute for Research on Aging (MIRA) at McMaster University; S.R. by a postdoctoral fellowship supported by MITACS and Novo Nordisk; L.K.T. by a CIHR Post-Doctoral Fellowship Award and Michael DeGroote Fellowship Award in Basic Biomedical Science; E.M.D. by a Vanier Canada Graduate Scholarship; G.P.H. by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC: 400362); G.J.D. and S.M.F. by NSERC-CGSM scholarships; L.D. by the Fonds de Recherche du Québec-Santé doctoral training award; D.P.B. by the GSK Chair in Diabetes of Université de Sherbrooke and a FRQS J1 salary award. The Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) Project was supported by the Common Fund of the Office of the Director of the National Institutes of Health, and by the NCI, NHGRI, NHLBI, NIDA, NIMH and NINDS. Funding Information: S.B.J. and R.E.K. are employees of Novo Nordisk, a pharmaceutical company producing and selling medicine for the treatment of diabetes and obesity. G.R.S. is a co-founder and shareholder of Espervita Therapeutics. McMaster University has received funding from Espervita Therapeutics, Esperion Therapeutics, Poxel Pharmaceuticals and Nestle for research conducted in the laboratory of G.R.S. S.R. is supported by a MITACS postdoctoral fellowship sponsored by Novo Nordisk. H.C.G. holds the McMaster-Sanofi Population Health Institute Chair in Diabetes Research and Care. G.R.S., G.P. and H.C.G. are inventors listed on a patent for identifying GDF15 as a biomarker for metformin. G.R.S. has received consulting/speaking fees from Astra Zeneca, Eli Lilly, Esperion Therapeutics, Merck, Poxel Pharmaceuticals and Cambrian Biosciences. The other authors declare no competing interests. Publisher Copyright: © 2023, The Author(s).Peer reviewedPublisher PD

SUSPENDED MATTER PROPERTIES AND ITS ROLE IN POLLUTANT TRANSFER FROM THE RIVER TO THE SEA - CASE-STUDY - ADIGE RIVER ADRIATIC SEA

Suspended matter and bottom sediments have been investigated in the Adige River estuary (Northern Adriatic Sea) and their role in the heavy metals transfer from land to sea. The observed similarity of the geochemical and mineralogical composition between the riverine suspended matter and the marine sediments just at the Adige mouth reveals that most of the riverborne suspended particles settle in the prodelta area together with the associated heavy metals. Among the various toxic elements examinated, chromium has a peculiar behaviour, which indicates the man's influence on its biogeocycle. © 1986

The role of suspended matter in the biogeochemical cycles in the Adige River estuary (Northern Adriatic Sea)

Suspended matter and sediments from the Adige River mouth were analysed in an attempt to elucidate the transfer of heavy metals from the river to the sea. The vertical profile of grain-size spectra of suspended matter in front of the river mouth has shown that the riverine particles are limited to the upper brackish layer. Particulate matter was found to have a large specific surface area, up to 20 m2 g-1 in the estuarine sample. High quantities of quartz and phyllosilicates (micas and clay minerals) were found in the riverine suspended matter. The quartz content of the suspended matter from the brackish layer was found to be diminishing and with the organic matter becoming the essential component (22%). Higher levels of trace metals were usually detected in suspended matter samples (40 ppm Ni, 200 ppm Cr, 60 ppm Pb, 100 ppm Cu, 320 ppm Zn, and 0·9 ppm Cd) than in sediments. The observed similarity of physico-chemical, mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of riverine suspended matter and recent marine sediments, indicates that most of the riverborne particulate matter is deposited in the proximity of the Adige River mouth. The peculiar characteristics of the chromium level (high bulk concentration and its abundance in the organic fraction of the particular matter) when compared to the other trace metals, indicates the anthropogenic influence on its biogeocycle. © 1987

Geochemical considerations on trace element distributions in suspended matter and sediments at the river-sea interface, Adige River mouth, northern Adriatic sea

The particulate matter at the Adige River mouth has been investigated in order to determine the natural geochemical processes in the estuarine environment, and the anthropogenic influence on the biogeochemical cycling of heavy metals. The determination of suspended matter and sediment physico-chemical characteristics (grain size, mineralogy, organic matter content, specific surface area), and of concentrations of major and trace elements in the Adige River mouth in different hydrological conditions, has shown that this mouth acts as a trap for most heavy metals. Heavy metals were found to be preferentially bonded to the particulates, and in the estuarine mixing zone scavenging of most dissolved metals occurs, due to salinity and pH gradients, and to the formation of new particulate organic matter. The surface characteristics of suspended particulate matter [fine grain size, abundance of clay minerals, large specific surface area (SSA), organic and inorganic coatings] favour the adsorption of heavy metals. The sedimentation pattern (rapid deposition due to flocculation of fine particles, and to low environmental energy and estuarine circulation) causes accumulation of particulate matter, enriched in heavy metals, in the prodelta zone. Moderate anthropogenic influence on Cu, Pb, Cd, and Cr concentrations has been recognised in the Adige River. The environmental fate of these elements is determined by the same natural processes, and therefore accumulation in front of the river mouth occurs. The elevated partitioning in the organic phase of the anthropogenically influenced elements, could favour their mobility in different environmental conditions. © 1989

Surface-Properties of Suspended-Solids in Stratified Estuaries (krka River Estuary and Rhone River Delta)

International audienceThree surface parameters - specific surface area (SSA), heat of wetting (Hw), and cation exchange capacity (CEC) - of estuarine suspended solids were studied in relation to the organic matter (dissolved or particulate). Natural suspended solids were studied in two stratified river mouths - the Krka River estuary and the Rhone River delta. The same studies were performed with model solids, well defined by chemical composition and preparation (controlled pore glass, silanized controlled pore glass and calcite) after exposure to natural water samples from the Krka River estuary. On the basis of the studied parameters, the existence of two types of organic compounds that mediate the surface properties of particulates was indicated: (1) hydrophilic, with high density of functional groups, reactive and degradable, and coinciding with 'river type organic matter, and (2) hydrophobic, less reactive and thus more persistent, and coinciding prevalently with 'marine type organic matter'. Generally, it was found that high Hw values (100-300-mu-J cm-2) reflect the influence of surface functional groups that originate primarily from the reactive organics (adsorbed or particulate). An extreme value of Hw (523-mu-J cm-2) was found at a location of high biological productivity and high anthropogenic influence