Евалуација на кариесот кај деца од 12-15 години од Штип

Цел на оваа студија е да ја детерминираме корелацијата помеѓу денталната и оралната состојба

Relationship between pulmonary diffusing capacity and indices of airway obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis

U 472 ispitanika s hroničnim bronhitom analziran je odnos između transfer faktora za ugljen monoksid (DLCO), specifičnog otpora vazdušnih puteva (SRt = Rt x ITGV), spirografskih merenja i respiratornih gasova u hiperemiziranoj kapilarnoj krvi. Rezultati ovog proučavanja ukazali su da je DLCO snižen u bolesni!ka s hroničnim bronhitom udruženim s umorenom ili teškom opstrukcijom vazdušnih puteva. U ovih bolesnika najbolja je korelacija utvrđena između vitalnog kapaciteta (VC) i DLCO. Velika varijabilnost podataka, koja je bila prisutna, mogla bi se objasniti fiziološkim varijacijama u normalnih osoba i nehomogenošću alveolarne ventilacije. Dalje, nađeno je da se stepen redukcije DLCO u bolesnika s hroničnim bronhitom može predskazati na osnovu dobivenih podataka VC, forsiranog ekspiratornog volumena u prvoj sekundi (FEV1) i Pc02 i PcC02 kapilarne krvi. Iako je rasipanje vrednosti DLCO izraženo, poremećaji transfer faktora u bolesnika s hroničnim bronhitom upućuju na razvoj emfizematoznih promena u plućima.The relationship between pulmonary diffusing capacity, specific airway resistance (SRt = Rt x ITGV), and spirographic measurements was studied in 472 patients with chronic bronchitis. The results showed that pulmonary diffusing capacity was reduced in a group of patients with chronic bronchitis associated with moderate or severe airway obstruction. In this group the best correlation was noted between pulmonary diffusing capacity and vital capacity. However, a wide variability of data was present, which can be explained by means of a wide range of physiological values in healthy persons, and by inhomogeneity of alveolar ventilation. Furthermore, it was found that the degree of reduction of diffusing capacity in cases of chronic obstructive bronchitis can be predicted on the basis of VC, FEV1, and capillary P02 and PC02 data. Despite a very wide variability of pulmonary diffusing capacity, its impairment in patients with chronic bronchitis suggests the development of pulžmonary emphysema

Djelovanje vodenog ekstrakta prašine sirove kave na reakciju dišnih putova

An experimental study on the effect of exposure to green coffee dust water-extract on airway responses to bronchoconstrictive drugs was carried out in eleven anaesthetized mongreal dogs. Inhalation of green coffee dust extract caused an decrease in respiratory frequency (FR), minute volume (MV), lung resistance (RL) and dynamic elastance (Edyn), and a slight decrease in tidal volume (VT). Changes were greater in comparison to changes following saline inhalation, although the differences were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Inhalation of green coffee dust extract did not change significantly the sensitivity of bronchial system to aerosolized acetylcholine (ACh). Responses to ACh following pretreatment with saline or green coffee dust extract were similar in all respiratory parameters. The findings with pure green coffee dust water-extract suggest that bronchospasm in coffee workers is not due to the pharmacological activity of the water soluble agent in the dust, or due to increased bronchial reactivity.Ispitivanje djelovanja vodenog ekstrakta prašine sirove kave na reakciju dišnih putova na bronhokonstriktorne agense izvršeno je na 11 anesteziranih mongreal pasa. Inhalacija ekstrakta prašine sirove kave uzrokovala je povećanje respiratorne frekvencije (RF), minutnog volumena (MV), plućnog otpora (RL) i dinamičke elastance (Edyn) te neznatno smanjenje dišnog volumena (Vr). Premda je odgovor na ekstrakt prašine sirove kave bio veći u odnosu na odgovor prema fiziološkoj otopni, razlike nisu bile statistički značajne (p > 0,05). Inhalacija ekstrakta prašine sirove kave nije značajno promijenila osjetljivost bronhalnog sistema na inhalirani acetilkolin (ACh). Reakcije na ACh nakon tretiranja fiziološkom otopinom ili ekstraktom prašine sirove kave bile su slične za sve respiratorne parametre. Naše ispitivanje s vodenim ekstraktom prašine sirove kave upućuje na to da bronhospazam radnika u preradi kave nije uzrokovan u vodi topljivim farmakološki aktivnim agensima prisutnim u prašini

Comparative Analysis of Qualitative Dermatoglyphic Traits of Albanian and Turkish Populations Living in the Area of Dukagjin Valley in Kosovo

Dermatoglyphic prints were collected from 800 inhabitants of Dukagjin valley in Kosovo. The sample consisted of two ethnically different sub-populations who refer themselves as Albanians (N=400) and Turks (N=400). Qualitative analysis of prints concerned the frequency of the patterns on fingers (arch, ulnar and radial loop, whorl, accidental whorl) and on palms (Thenar and I, II, III, and IV interdigital area and the hypothenar, main line index, and the axial »t« triradius position). As was expected due to previous study of quantitative dermatoglyphic traits, in the same population the Albanians and Turks showed to be significantly different in most explored qualitative dermatoglyphic variables. Found differences indicated that the reproductive isolation between the Albanian and Turkish population in Kosovo is substantial, despite the fact that those two ethnic sub-populations live in the close vicinity through several centuries

Ongoing strategies to improve the management of upper respiratory tract infections and reduce inappropriate antibiotic use particularly among lower and middle-income countries: findings and implications for the future

Introduction: Antibiotics are indispensable to maintaining human health; however, their overuse has resulted in resistant organisms, increasing morbidity, mortality and costs. Increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major public health threat, resulting in multiple campaigns across countries to improve appropriate antimicrobial use. This includes addressing the overuse of antimicrobials for self-limiting infections, such as upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs), particularly in lower- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where there is the greatest inappropriate use and where antibiotic utilization has increased the most in recent years. Consequently, there is a need to document current practices and successful initiatives in LMICs to improve future antimicrobial use. Methodology: Documentation of current epidemiology and management of URTIs, particularly in LMICs, as well as campaigns to improve future antimicrobial use and their influence where known. Results: Much concern remains regarding the prescribing and dispensing of antibiotics for URTIs among LMICs. This includes considerable self-purchasing, up to 100% of pharmacies in some LMICs. However, multiple activities are now ongoing to improve future use. These incorporate educational initiatives among all key stakeholder groups, as well as legislation and other activities to reduce self-purchasing as part of National Action Plans (NAPs). Further activities are still needed however. These include increased physician and pharmacist education, starting in medical and pharmacy schools; greater monitoring of prescribing and dispensing practices, including the development of pertinent quality indicators; and targeted patient information and health education campaigns. It is recognized that such activities are more challenging in LMICs given more limited resources and a lack of healthcare professionals. Conclusion: Initiatives will grow across LMICs to reduce inappropriate prescribing and dispensing of antimicrobials for URTIs as part of NAPs and other activities, and these will be monitored

European survey on laboratory preparedness, response and diagnostic capacity for crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever, 2012

Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is an infectious viral disease that has (re-)emerged in the last decade in south-eastern Europe, and there is a risk for further geographical expansion to western Europe. Here we report the results of a survey covering 28 countries, conducted in 2012 among the member laboratories of the European Network for Diagnostics of 'Imported' Viral Diseases (ENIVD) to assess laboratory preparedness and response capacities for CCHF. The answers of 31 laboratories of the European region regarding CCHF case definition, training necessity, biosafety, quality assurance and diagnostic tests are presented. In addition, we identifi

The Implementation of Managed Entry Agreements in Central and Eastern Europe : Findings and Implications

Funding Information: In Bosnia and Herzegovina, both The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republic of Srpska, also have special funds and budgets in place for the financing of expensive medicines, which are innovative and under patent. Similar earmarked funds are available in Scotland (the New Medicines Fund funded by the Pharmaceutical Price Regulation Scheme [PPRS] rebates) [35] and England (the Cancer Drugs Fund) [36]. However, support for such earmarked funds is mixed. While they facilitate access, critics raised issues about fairness towards other disease areas and patient groups that are not eligible for special funding [3, 39]. Further, the views of a Patient and Clinician Engagement meeting in Scotland [37] and the end-of-life criteria in England [38] offer opportunities for special considerations affecting medicines for end-of-life and very rare conditions to be taken into account in the health technology assessment process. Funding Information: The authors would like to acknowledge Dr. Jan Jones from the Scottish Medicines Consortium, Scotland, for contributing to the discussion with information on Scotland, Drs. Lyudmila Bezmelnitsyna and Anastasia Isaeva for contributing to data collection in Russia and Dr. Kate?ina Podrazilov? from SZP ?R for providing information on the Czech Republic. Alessandra Ferrario was a Research Officer at the LSE Health at the time this research was conducted. She is now a postdoctoral Research Fellow at the Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, USA. Email: [email protected] No sources of funding were used for this study. The authors declare they have no conflicts of interest. However, Di?na Ar?ja, Maria Dimitrova, Jurij F?rst, Ieva Grei?i?t?-Kuprijanov, Iris Hoxha, Arianit Jakupi, Erki Laidm?e, Vanda Markovic-Pekovic, Dmitry Meshkov, Guenka Petrova, Maciej Pomorski and Patricia Vella Bonanno work directly for national health authorities or are advisers to them. Alessandra Ferrario, Tomasz Bochenek, Ileana Mardare, Dominik Tomek, Luka Voncina, Alan Haycox, Panos Kanavos,?Olga L?blov?, and Brian Godman are academics and independent researchers also working with national and regional health authorities and others to improve the quality and efficiency of prescribing, and Tarik Catic, D?vid Dank?,and Tanja Novakovic are involved with pharmaceutical, pharmacoeconomics and outcomes research groups in their countries. Olga L?blov? has also carried out remunerated consultancy activities for A&R Partners, Baxter AG and Instytut Arcana and Ileana Mardare has signed a consulting contract with Ewopharma A.G. Romania. The content of the paper and the conclusions are those of each author and may not necessarily reflect those of any organisation that employs them. Publisher Copyright: © 2017, The Author(s).Background: Managed entry agreements (MEAs) are a set of instruments to facilitate access to new medicines. This study surveyed the implementation of MEAs in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) where limited comparative information is currently available. Method: We conducted a survey on the implementation of MEAs in CEE between January and March 2017. Results: Sixteen countries participated in this study. Across five countries with available data on the number of different MEA instruments implemented, the most common MEAs implemented were confidential discounts (n = 495, 73%), followed by paybacks (n = 92, 14%), price-volume agreements (n = 37, 5%), free doses (n = 25, 4%), bundle and other agreements (n = 19, 3%), and payment by result (n = 10, >1%). Across seven countries with data on MEAs by therapeutic group, the highest number of brand names associated with one or more MEA instruments belonged to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC)-L group, antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents (n = 201, 31%). The second most frequent therapeutic group for MEA implementation was ATC-A, alimentary tract and metabolism (n = 87, 13%), followed by medicines for neurological conditions (n = 83, 13%). Conclusions: Experience in implementing MEAs varied substantially across the region and there is considerable scope for greater transparency, sharing experiences and mutual learning. European citizens, authorities and industry should ask themselves whether, within publicly funded health systems, confidential discounts can still be tolerated, particularly when it is not clear which country and party they are really benefiting. Furthermore, if MEAs are to improve access, countries should establish clear objectives for their implementation and a monitoring framework to measure their performance, as well as the burden of implementation.publishersversionPeer reviewe