Hot methane line lists for exoplanet and brown dwarf atmospheres

We present comprehensive experimental line lists of methane (CH4) at high temperatures obtained by recording Fourier transform infrared emission spectra. Calibrated line lists are presented for the temperatures 300 - 1400 degC at twelve 100 degC intervals spanning the 960 - 5000 cm-1 (2.0 - 10.4 microns) region of the infrared. This range encompasses the dyad, pentad and octad regions, i.e., all fundamental vibrational modes along with a number of combination, overtone and hot bands. Using our CH4 spectra, we have estimated empirical lower state energies (Elow in cm-1) and our values have been incorporated into the line lists along with line positions (cm-1) and calibrated line intensities (S' in cm molecule-1). We expect our hot CH4 line lists to find direct application in the modeling of planetary atmospheres and brown dwarfs.Comment: Supplementary material is provided via the Astrophysical Journal referenc

Application of natural fibre composite in the aviation industry: a review

The evolution in aviation industry continues to evolve in this current era. The aviation industry is engaged in the research, development and manufacturing of flight vehicles. The critical item such as the propulsion systems, avionics system, operating and maintenance of flight vehicle are rigorously improved year by year. The interior components of aircraft are gaining serious attention in replacing the synthetic fibre with natural fibre composite material. The researchers conducted are mainly for civil, security and transportation. However, the focus on aircraft interior still immature and need further investigation. Therefore, this paper is reviewing the potential of natural fibre in the aviation industry

Effects of Bulk and Surface Conductivity on the Performance of CdZnTe Pixel Detectors

We studied the effects of bulk and surface conductivity on the performance of high-resistivity CdZnTe (CZT) pixel detectors with Pt contacts. We emphasize the difference in mechanisms of the bulk and surface conductivity as indicated by their different temperature behaviors. In addition, the existence of a thin (10-100 A) oxide layer on the surface of CZT, formed during the fabrication process, affects both bulk and surface leakage currents. We demonstrate that the measured I-V dependencies of bulk current can be explained by considering the CZT detector as a metal-semiconductor-metal system with two back-to-back Schottky-barrier contacts. The high surface leakage current is apparently due to the presence of a low-resistivity surface layer that has characteristics which differ considerably from those of the bulk material. This surface layer has a profound effect on the charge collection efficiency in detectors with multi-contact geometry; some fraction of the electric field lines originated on the cathode intersects the surface areas between the pixel contacts where the charge produced by an ionizing particle gets trapped. To overcome this effect we place a grid of thin electrodes between the pixel contacts; when the grid is negatively biased, the strong electric field in the gaps between the pixels forces the electrons landing on the surface to move toward the contacts, preventing the charge loss. We have investigated these effects by using CZT pixel detectors indium bump bonded to a custom-built VLSI readout chip

Kondisi Sarana Air Bersih, Perilaku Hidup Bersih dan Sehat terhadap Frambusia pada Anak-anak

Kasus frambusia yang tercatat di Puskesmas Bondo Kodi Kabupaten Sumba Barat Daya, Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT) terus meningkat dari 174 kasus tahun 2009 menjadi 327 kasus pada tahun 2010 dan 369 kasus pada tahun 2011. Pada tahun 2012, frambusia tertinggi terjadi di Desa Mali Iha di Kecamatan Bondo Kodi dengan 43 kasus. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor lingkungan, perilaku, dan pengetahuan masyarakat yang berhubungan dengan kejadian penyakit frambusia pada anak-anak. Penelitian observasional ini menggunakan rancangan studi kasus-kontrol, dengan kondisi sarana air bersih (SAB), perilaku hidup bersih dan sehat (PHBS), dan pengetahuan masyarakat tentang frambusia sebagai variabel bebas. Sampel penelitian adalah 30 orang anak yang menderita frambusia (kasus) dan 30 orang anak sehat (kontrol) yang diambil dengan metode purposive sampling. Data dan informasi mengenai SAB, praktik PHBS, dan pengetahuan masyarakat tentang frambusia didapatkan dengan observasi dan wawancara, kemudian dianalisis dengan uji kai kuadrat. Ditemukan, secara statistik kejadian frambusia berhubungan bermakna dengan kondisi SAB (OR = 15,16 dan nilai p = 0,035) dan PHBS (OR = 7 dan nilai p = 0,048), tetapi tidak berhubungan dengan pengetahuan masyarakat tentang frambusia (nilai p = 0,283). Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa kondisi SAB dan PHBS merupakan faktor risiko frambusia.Frambusia cases recorded at Bondo Kodi Primary Health Care in Sumba Barat Daya District, East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) were continously increasing from 174 in 2009 to 327 in 2010 and 369 in 2011. In 2012, the highest frambusia occurred in Mali Iha Village with 43 cases. The present research was to define environmental, behavioural, and knowledge factors associated with the frambusia in children. This observational study employed case-control design with condition of clean water source, practices of personal hygiene and health behavior, and community knowledge about frambusia as independent variables. Samples were 30 children with frambusia (cases) and 30 healthy children (control) who were selected using purposive sampling. Data and information on environmental condition, behavioral practices, and community knowledge were collected by interview and direct observation and were analyzed using chi-square test. It was found that statistically the frambusia cases were associated significantly with the condition of clean water source (OR = 15.16, p value = 0.035) and personal hygiene and healthy behavior (OR = 7, p value = 0.048), but were not associated with community knowledge (p value = 0.283). It concludes that condition of clean water sources and personal hygiene and healthy behavior are risk factors of frambusia in children

Penerapan Model Active Learning Tipe Giving Question and Getting Answers Terhadap Peningkatan Hasil Belajar Fisika Kelas VIII1 SMP Negeri 2 Sungguminasa

Masalah utama dalam penelitian ini yaitu bagaimana menerapkan model pembelajaran Active Learning tipe Giving Question and Getting Answers. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui seberapa besar hasil belajar Fisika siswa yang diajar dengan menerapkan model active learning type GQGA, Apakah hasil belajar Fisika siswa kelas VIII1 SMP Negeri 2 Sungguminasasetelah diajar dengan model active learning type GQGA ada peningkatannya atau tidak. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian pra eksperimendengan menggunakan desain One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design dengan melibatkan dua variabel yaitu variable bebas (pembelajaran Fisika dengan Model pembelajaran aktif tipe giving question and getting answer) dan variable terikat (hasil belajar fisika). Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa kelas VIII SMP Negeri 2 Sungguminasa, sebanyak 4 kelas dengan jumlah siswa 194 siswa. Adapun sampel penelitian diambil dengan memilih kelas secara langsung yaitu kelas VIII1 dengan jumlah siswa sebanyak 48 orang. Instrumen yang digunakan untuk penelitian ini adalah tes tertulis, dengan soal pilihan ganda sebanyak 30 nomor. Hasil analisis deskriptif menunjukkan bahwa skor rata-rata hasil belajar Fisika siswa kelas VIII1 SMP Muhammadiyah 13 Makassar yang diajar dengan model active learning type GQGA berada dalam kategori tinggi.Dari hasil analisis N-Gain menunjukkan bahwa hasil belajar Fisika siswa kelas VIII1 SMPN 2 Sungguminasa terdapat peningkatan setelah diajar dengan model active learning type GQGA.Kata Kunci:Penelitian pra eksperimen, model active learning type GQGA, hasil belajar Fisika.Main problem in this research that is how to apply model study of Active Learning type of Giving Question and Getting Answers. This Research aim to to know how big result of learning taught Physics student by applying modelactivelearningtype GQGA, Do result learn Physics class student of VIII1Junior High school two Sungguminasa after taught with model of active learning type GQGA there is it's improvement or do not. This research represent research of pre experiment by using One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design desain by entangling two variable that is free variable ( study of Physics with active Model study of type of giving question and getting answer) and variable tied ( result learn physics). Population in this research is entire/all class student of VIII1Junior High school two Sungguminasa, counted 4 class with amount of student 194 student. As for research sampel taken by chosening class directly that is class of VIII1 with amount of student counted 48 people. Instrument used for this research is tes written, with double helix problem counted 30 number. Result of descriptive analysis indicate that mean score result of learning Physics class student of VIII1Junior High School Muhammadiyah 13 taught Makassar with model of activelearningtype GQGA stay in high category. From result of analysis of N-Gain indicate that result learn Physics class student of VIII1Junior High school two Sungguminasathere are make-up of after taught with model of activelearningtype GQGA

Pelaksanaan Bantuan Hukum terhadap Korban Kekerasan dalam Rumah Tangga di Kota Pekanbaru

In General, the community considers that household violence was a private matter that did not have were interfered by others. But due to the increasing number and is a violation of human rights, household violence must be solved in particular the granting of legal aid for victims of household violence. The purpose of this scription writing: first, the implementation of legal aid to victims of household violence in Pekanbaru City, second, the obstacles encountered in the implementation of legal aid to victims of household violence in Pekanbaru City, thirdly, efforts are being made in overcoming the obstacles in the implementation of legal aid to victims of household violence in Pekanbaru City. This type of research can be classified into types of juridical sociological research. This research was conducted in the Pekanbaru City, while population and sample was a whole party that deals with issues that are examined in this study, the data sources used, the primary data, secondary data, and tertiary data, techniques of collecting data in this study with the depth interviews, observation, and study of librarianship. The analysis of the data used is qualitative data and technique draw conclusions by deductive way. From the results of the research there are three basic issues that can be inferred. First, the implementation of legal aid to victims of household violence in Pekanbaru City has yet to be implemented by Law number 16 of 2011 about legal aid. Second, the obstacles encountered in the implementation of legal aid to victims of household violence in Pekanbaru City that mechanisms of the legal aid administrative documents arrangements tend to be convoluted, legal aid givers apparatus limitations, lack of infrastructure and facilities in the relevant agencies as well as legal assistance covered up to the assistance funds to the institution of legal aid giver, Third, effort to overcoming obstacles in the legal assistance to victims of the household violence in Pekanbaru City namely approach in preventive and approach in curative, advice writer, first, need of special supervision on the implementation of legal assistance, especially legal assistance to victims of the household violence, second, expected the with regulations which regulates coordination between agencies related legal assistance, third, need of commitment serious, quick, and firmly from government to opening access to possible to society and related agencies including providing facilities

PEMBUATAN MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN MATEMATIKA INTERAKTIF DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN MACROMEDIA FLASH

The use of learning media can improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the learning process. The solutions offered to partners are; help partners illustrate something abstract in mathematics that requires visualization or animation in writing, especially in the form of images. The methods used for solutions to problems faced by partners and to support the success of the program are in the form of lectures, questions and answers, demonstrations and exercises/practices. Participants who have attended the training will put into practice directly the results of the training they received and create learning media with the guidance of the trainer so that participants can create interactive mathematics learning media using Macromedia Flash, and can develop their work according to their imagination. The results of the implementation of PKM activities were felt by the service team and the training participants were very satisfying. With an indicator of the arrival of participants in each meeting and the enthusiasm of the participants. The results of the practice carried out were successful or maximal.Keywords:  training; Practicum methods; Chemistry learning; SMA PGRI Jayapura

Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer Intensification of Pin Fins under Forced Convection (A Review)

Recent development era in technology has huge requirement of high performance lightweight, and compact heat transfer equipment. To accomplish this demand fins are widely used as effective elements for heat transfer enhancement. One of the commonly used heat exchanger fins is the pin fin which offers an economical and trouble free solution in many situations. This is more important in cooling of air conditioning equipment, thermal power plants, gas turbine blade, aerospace industry, combustion chamber liners, and biomedical devices, electrical and electronic component. Therefore now a day\u27s industries are utilizing thermal system with pin fins and analyse the various influencing parameters on performance of pin fin of different geometry under force convection. The turbulence occurred due to these techniques are good enough to enhance heat transfer rate. This article is focused on comprehensive review of work carried out in this technology

Experimental demonstration of gridless spectrum and time optical switching

An experimental demonstration of gridless spectrum and time switching is presented. We propose and demonstrate a bit-rate and modulation-format independent optical cross-connect architecture, based on gridless spectrum selective switch, 20-ms 3D-MEMS and 10-ns PLZT optical switches, that supports arbitrary spectrum allocation and transparent time multiplexing. The architecture is implemented in a four-node field-fiber-linked testbed to transport continuous RZ and NRZ data channels at 12.5, 42.7 and 170.8 Gb/s, and selectively groom sub-wavelength RZ channels at 42.7 Gb/s. We also showed that the architecture is dynamic and can be reconfigured to meet the routing requirements of the network traffic. Results show error-free operation with an end-to-end power penalty between 0.8 dB and 5 dB for all continuous and sub-wavelength channels

Pemetaan Distribusi Gas Polutan Menggunakan Quadcopter Berbasis Autonomous Waypoint Navigation

Pencemaran udara adalah suatu kondisi dimana kualitas udara menjadi rusak dan terkontaminasi oleh zat-zat, baik yang tidak berbahaya maupun berbahaya bagi makhlup hidup. Seiring dengan perkembangan dan pembangunan industri di Indonesia, akan berdampak pada meningkatnya tingkat pencemaran udara. Sistem monitoring emisi gas polutan industri secara umum dilakukan dengan cara manual menggunakan sensor gas pada titik-titik tertentu. Hal ini memakan waktu dan biaya cukup banyak. Quadcopter merupakan salah satu jenis Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) yang mampu bergerak secara otomatis sesuai dengan sistem tracking waypoint. Sistem tracking waypoint merupakan sistem navigasi berdasarkan posisi Global Positioning System (GPS) dan kompas, sehingga quadcopter dapat berjalan secara otomatis. Implementasi sensor gas semikonduktor dapat menunjang quadcopter untuk mengukur kadar gas di udara, sehingga dapat diaplikasikan sebagai alat monitoring secara otomatis. Data posisi GPS quadcopter dapat diakses secara langsung pada google maps di software mission planner. Kadar gas polutan disimpan pada web server raspberry pi 2 dan mampu diakses secara online. Hasil pemetaan kadar gas ditampilkan dalam 3D analyzer google earth