Financial analysis of the leading oil and gas companies in the Russian Federation for 2021

Oil and gas complex is a common name for a group of industries for the extraction, transportation and processing of oil and gas and the distribution of products of their processing. Oil and gas complex plays a significant role in the development of the economy both in the domestic and foreign markets. The article focuses on the contribution of the industry to the country’s economy, in addition, the resource base of minerals of the Russian Federation is considered. The dependence of the Russian economy on oil and gas is clearly demonstrated. The analysis of the current situation on the oil and gas market is carried out, the impact of the oil and gas complex on the economic indicators of Russia is assessed. The article examines and analyses the leading vertically integrated oil companies. This analysis allows us to see the developing and increasing indicators of companies in terms of progress

Thermoelectric characterization of the clathrate-I solid solution Ba_8-δAu_xGe_46-x

Clathrate-I-based materials are promising for waste-heat recovering applications via thermoelectric (TE) effects. However, the lack of highly efficient p-type materials hampers the development of clathrate-based TE devices. In this work, the synthesis of the p-type semiconductor Ba7.8Au5.33Ge40.67 with clathrate-I structure is up-scaled by steel-quenching and spark plasma sintering treatment at 1073 K. A thermoelectric figure of merit ZT approximate to 0.9 at 670 K is reproducibly obtained, and 40 chemically homogeneous module legs of 5 x 5 x 7 mm(3) are fabricated. By using a carbon layer as a diffusion barrier, electrical contacts are sustainable at elevated application temperatures. Eight couples with the clathrate-I compounds Ba7.8Au5.33Ge40.67 as p-type and Ba8Ga16Ge30 as n-type materials are integrated into a TE module with an output power of 0.2 W achieved under a temperature difference Delta T = 380 K (T-1 = 673 K and T-2 = 293 K). The thermoelectric performance of Ba7.8Au5.33Ge40.67 demonstrates the potential of type-I clathrates for waste heat recycling

Mass distributions of the system 136Xe + 208Pb at laboratory energies around the Coulomb barrier:A candidate reaction for the production of neutron-rich nuclei at N = 126

Reaction products from the system 136Xe + 208Pb at 136Xe ions laboratory energies of 700, 870, and 1020 MeV were studied by two-body kinematics and by a catcher-foil activity analysis to explore the theoretically proposed suitability of such reaction as a means to produce neutron-rich nuclei in the neutron shell closure N = 126. Cross sections for products heavier than 208Pb were measured and were found sensibly larger than new theoretical predictions. Transfers of up to 16 nucleons from Xe to Pb were observed

Specific-Ion Effects on the Aggregation Mechanisms and Protein–Protein Interactions for Anti-streptavidin Immunoglobulin Gamma‑1

Non-native protein aggregation is common in the biopharmaceutical industry and potentially jeopardizes product shelf life, therapeutic efficacy, and patient safety. The present article focuses on the relationship(s) among protein–protein interactions, aggregate growth mechanisms, aggregate morphologies, and specific-ion effects for an anti-streptavidin (AS) immunoglobulin gamma 1 (IgG1). Aggregation mechanisms of AS-IgG1 were determined as a function of pH and NaCl concentration with sodium acetate buffer and compared to previous work with sodium citrate. Aggregate size and shape were determined using a combination of laser light scattering and small-angle neutron or X-ray scattering. Protein–protein interactions were quantified in terms of the protein–protein Kirkwood–Buff integral (<i>G</i>₂₂) determined from static light scattering and in terms of the protein effective charge (<i>Z</i>_eff) measured using electrophoretic light scattering. Changing from citrate to acetate resulted in significantly different protein–protein interactions as a function of pH for low NaCl concentrations when the protein displayed positive <i>Z</i>_eff. Overall, the results suggest that electrostatic repulsions between proteins were lessened because of preferential accumulation of citrate anions, compared to acetate anions, at the protein surface. The predominant aggregation mechanisms correlated well with <i>G</i>₂₂, indicating that ion-specific effects beyond traditional mean-field descriptions of electrostatic protein–protein interactions are important for predicting qualitative shifts in protein aggregation state diagrams. Interestingly, while solution conditions dictated which mechanisms predominated, aggregate average molecular weight and size displayed a common scaling behavior across both citrate- and acetate-based systems

Progress of the AVNG System - Attribute Verification System With Information Barriers for Mass and Isotopics Measurements

An attribute verification system (AVNG) with information barriers for mass and isotopics measurements has been designed and its fabrication is nearly completed. The AVNG is being built by scientists at the Russian Federal Nuclear Center-VNIIEF, with support of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). Such a system could be used to verify the presence of several unclassified attributes of classified material with no classified information release. The system is comprised of a neutron multiplicity counter and gamma-spectrometry system based on a high purity germanium gamma detector (nominal relative efficiency {at} 1332 keV 50%) and digital gamma-ray spectrometer DSPEC{sup PLUS}. The neutron multiplicity counter is a three ring counter with 164 {sup 3}He tubes. The system was designed to measure prototype containers 491 mm in diameter and 503 mm high. This paper provides a brief history of the project and documents the progress of this effort with drawings and photographs