62 research outputs found
Geometry of W-algebras from the affine Lie algebra point of view
To classify the classical field theories with W-symmetry one has to classify
the symplectic leaves of the corresponding W-algebra, which are the
intersection of the defining constraint and the coadjoint orbit of the affine
Lie algebra if the W-algebra in question is obtained by reducing a WZNW model.
The fields that survive the reduction will obey non-linear Poisson bracket (or
commutator) relations in general. For example the Toda models are well-known
theories which possess such a non-linear W-symmetry and many features of these
models can only be understood if one investigates the reduction procedure. In
this paper we analyze the SL(n,R) case from which the so-called W_n-algebras
can be obtained. One advantage of the reduction viewpoint is that it gives a
constructive way to classify the symplectic leaves of the W-algebra which we
had done in the n=2 case which will correspond to the coadjoint orbits of the
Virasoro algebra and for n=3 which case gives rise to the Zamolodchikov
algebra. Our method in principle is capable of constructing explicit
representatives on each leaf. Another attractive feature of this approach is
the fact that the global nature of the W-transformations can be explicitly
described. The reduction method also enables one to determine the ``classical
highest weight (h. w.) states'' which are the stable minima of the energy on a
W-leaf. These are important as only to those leaves can a highest weight
representation space of the W-algebra be associated which contains a
``classical h. w. state''.Comment: 17 pages, LaTeX, revised 1. and 7. chapter
ΠΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π₯ΠΠΠ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΊ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ GOLD (2019): ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ Π‘ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ° ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² Π‘ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ³Π°, Π§ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡ 15.03.19
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a global problem in modern medicine. In recent years, the medical communityβs understanding of COPD has changed significantly, which is primarily due to the emergence of a new classification and the identification of various phenotypes of the disease. These changes could not affect the tactics of COPD treatment. The article discusses not only the debatable issues of treating COPD; it provides an overview of changes in international (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, 2018) and national (2019) recommendations, but also the significance and benefits of triple therapy in terms of evidence-based medicine as well as the benefits of extra-fine drugs in the treatment of bronchial obstructive syndrome.Π₯ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π°Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½Ρ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΈΡ
(Π₯ΠΠΠ) ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ. ΠΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΎ Π₯ΠΠΠ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ΠΎ Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΡ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π₯ΠΠΠ. Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π₯ΠΠΠ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
(ΠΠ»ΠΎ - Π±Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π° ΠΏΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅, Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Π₯ΠΠΠ (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, 2018)) ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
(2019) ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ
, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΡΠΎΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π·ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π±ΡΠΎΠ½Ρ
ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°
Inelastic reflection of electrons from metals and elemental semiconductors with oblique incidence of the primary electron beam
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