Effects of alloying on aging and hardening processes of steel with 20% nickel

Measurements of hardness, thermal emf, and electrical resistance were used to study the effects of Co, Mo, Ti and Al contents on aging and hardening processes in Fe 20%Ni steel. It is shown that the effects of these alloying elements differ substantially. Anomalies which arise in the temperature dependence of physical properties due to the presence of cobalt and molybdenum are reduced by the inclusion of titanium and aluminum (and vice versa)

ОТ ПОВЕДЕНЧЕСКОГО АНАЛИЗА К ПОСТ-БИХЕВИОРАЛИЗМУ: ИСТОРИЯ ПАРАДИГМЫ

Article is devoted to the review of formation and decline of behavioralism paradigm in political science. The author begins the analysis with critical consideration of the scientific concepts preceding emergence of modernist empiricism within which there is a behavioral analysis. Further the researcher traces formation behaviorism in the social disciplines: formation model in psychology, release of the theory out of limits of pure psychology and transferring ideas in sociology and political science. The author analyzes inquiries to the scientific theory by behavioralism. He opens the principles of behavioralism as paradigm in political science. The author presents the conceptual and contextual factors promoting recession of popularity behavioralism in political science and submits methodological restrictions approach. The author states the main claims of critics to this research approach and explains the reasons decline this paradigm. At the same time the methodological reflection of behavioralism which has followed recession of his popularity is reflected in work. The author opens the principles of the new methodological direction – post-behavioralism and the position of modern representatives of the behavioral analysis.Статья посвящена обзору становления и упадка бихевиоралистской парадигмы в политологии. Автор начинает анализ с критического рассмотрения научных концепций, предшествующих появлению модернистского эмпиризма, в рамках которого возникает поведенческий анализ. Далее исследователь прослеживает путь становления бихевиоризма в русле обществоведческих дисциплин: формирование модели в психологии, выход теории за пределы чистой психологии и перенесение ее идей сначала в социологию, а после и в политологию. Автор анализирует гносеологические запросы бихевиорализма к научной теории и раскрывает принципы бихевиорализма как политологической парадигмы. В работе представлены концептуальные и контекстуальные факторы, способствовавшие спаду популярности бихевиорализма в политической науке, рассматриваются его методологические ограничения. Автор излагает основные претензии критиков к данному исследовательскому подходу и объясняет причины упадка данной парадигмы. Вместе с тем, в работе отражена и методологическая рефлексия бихевиорализма, последовавшая за спадом его популярности, раскрыты принципы нового направления – пост-бихевиорализма, а также изложена позиция современных представителей поведенческого анализа по некотором методологическим вопросам.

Equilibrium states and invariant measures for random dynamical systems

Random dynamical systems with countably many maps which admit countable Markov partitions on complete metric spaces such that the resulting Markov systems are uniformly continuous and contractive are considered. A non-degeneracy and a consistency conditions for such systems, which admit some proper Markov partitions of connected spaces, are introduced, and further sufficient conditions for them are provided. It is shown that every uniformly continuous Markov system associated with a continuous random dynamical system is consistent if it has a dominating Markov chain. A necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of an invariant Borel probability measure for such a non-degenerate system with a dominating Markov chain and a finite (16) is given. The condition is also sufficient if the non-degeneracy is weakened with the consistency condition. A further sufficient condition for the existence of an invariant measure for such a consistent system which involves only the properties of the dominating Markov chain is provided. In particular, it implies that every such a consistent system with a finite Markov partition and a finite (16) has an invariant Borel probability measure. A bijective map between these measures and equilibrium states associated with such a system is established in the non-degenerate case. Some properties of the map and the measures are given.Comment: The article is published in DCDS-A, but without the 3rd paragraph on page 4 (the complete removal of the paragraph became the condition for the publication in the DCDS-A after the reviewer ran out of the citation suggestions collected in the paragraph

The Temperature-Dependent Selectivity of Potential Interaction Partners for the Small Heat Shock Protein IbpA from Acholeplasma laidlawii

© 2016, Springer Science+Business Media New York.Small heat shock proteins (sHsps) of α-crystalline type play a key role in the cell survival under stress conditions by preventing irreversible denaturation and aggregation of proteins. In contrast to most Mollicutes (mycoplasmas) where no sHsps were found, recently, some sHsp homologs were identified in the Acholeplasmataceae family, including Acholeplasma laidlawii, the only representative of Mollicutes that is known to survive in a host-free environment. Using pull-down followed by LC-MS, we identified the potential target proteins co-eluting with IbpA from the A. laidlawii cell extracts after exposition to low- and high temperatures. 308 and 464 proteins were co-eluted with IbpA from the cold- and heat-treated extracts, respectively, while only 240 of them were co-eluted with sHsp independently of the temperature. Most of potential IbpA targets were identified as enzymes involved in biosynthetic cycles and energy metabolism. We show IbpA specificity for target proteins on the incubation temperature. Significant differences between protein pools co-eluting specifically with IbpA at either 4 or 46 °C could be observed in terms of their aliphatic index, charge, molecular weight, and isoelectric point. Interestingly, only the isoelectric point distribution significantly differed between the protein pool co-eluting with IbpA under cooling (4 °C) and the entire proteome. In contrast, significant discrepancies in the distributions of aliphatic index, charge, hydropathy, molecular weight, and isoelectric point could be observed between the pool of proteins co-eluting with IbpA under heating (46 °C) and the entire proteome, indicating that there is likely a complex selective mechanism for proteins interaction with IbpA under heat shock conditions

Fisher Information for Inverse Problems and Trace Class Operators

This paper provides a mathematical framework for Fisher information analysis for inverse problems based on Gaussian noise on infinite-dimensional Hilbert space. The covariance operator for the Gaussian noise is assumed to be trace class, and the Jacobian of the forward operator Hilbert-Schmidt. We show that the appropriate space for defining the Fisher information is given by the Cameron-Martin space. This is mainly because the range space of the covariance operator always is strictly smaller than the Hilbert space. For the Fisher information to be well-defined, it is furthermore required that the range space of the Jacobian is contained in the Cameron-Martin space. In order for this condition to hold and for the Fisher information to be trace class, a sufficient condition is formulated based on the singular values of the Jacobian as well as of the eigenvalues of the covariance operator, together with some regularity assumptions regarding their relative rate of convergence. An explicit example is given regarding an electromagnetic inverse source problem with "external" spherically isotropic noise, as well as "internal" additive uncorrelated noise.Comment: Submitted to Journal of Mathematical Physic

Light Baryon Resonances: Restrictions and Perspectives

The problem of nucleon resonances N' with masses below the Delta is considered. We derive bounds for the properties of such states. Some of these are new, while others improve upon existing limits. We discuss the nature of N' states, and their unitary partners, assuming their existence can be verified.Comment: 11 pages, 11 figur

Calculus and heat flow in metric measure spaces and applications to spaces with Ricci bounds from below

This paper is devoted to a deeper understanding of the heat flow and to the refinement of calculus tools on metric measure spaces (X,d,m). Our main results are: - A general study of the relations between the Hopf-Lax semigroup and Hamilton-Jacobi equation in metric spaces (X,d). - The equivalence of the heat flow in L^2(X,m) generated by a suitable Dirichlet energy and the Wasserstein gradient flow of the relative entropy functional in the space of probability measures P(X). - The proof of density in energy of Lipschitz functions in the Sobolev space W^{1,2}(X,d,m). - A fine and very general analysis of the differentiability properties of a large class of Kantorovich potentials, in connection with the optimal transport problem. Our results apply in particular to spaces satisfying Ricci curvature bounds in the sense of Lott & Villani [30] and Sturm [39,40], and require neither the doubling property nor the validity of the local Poincar\'e inequality.Comment: Minor typos corrected and many small improvements added. Lemma 2.4, Lemma 2.10, Prop. 5.7, Rem. 5.8, Thm. 6.3 added. Rem. 4.7, Prop. 4.8, Prop. 4.15 and Thm 4.16 augmented/reenforced. Proof of Thm. 4.16 and Lemma 9.6 simplified. Thm. 8.6 corrected. A simpler axiomatization of weak gradients, still equivalent to all other ones, has been propose

Correlator Bank Detection of GW chirps. False-Alarm Probability, Template Density and Thresholds: Behind and Beyond the Minimal-Match Issue

The general problem of computing the false-alarm rate vs. detection-threshold relationship for a bank of correlators is addressed, in the context of maximum-likelihood detection of gravitational waves, with specific reference to chirps from coalescing binary systems. Accurate (lower-bound) approximants for the cumulative distribution of the whole-bank supremum are deduced from a class of Bonferroni-type inequalities. The asymptotic properties of the cumulative distribution are obtained, in the limit where the number of correlators goes to infinity. The validity of numerical simulations made on small-size banks is extended to banks of any size, via a gaussian-correlation inequality. The result is used to estimate the optimum template density, yielding the best tradeoff between computational cost and detection efficiency, in terms of undetected potentially observable sources at a prescribed false-alarm level, for the simplest case of Newtonian chirps.Comment: submitted to Phys. Rev.

HtrA Protease from Bacillus subtilis Suppresses the Bacterial Fouling of the Rat Skin Injuries

© 2016, Springer Science+Business Media New York.The gene of serine protease HtrA from Bacillus subtilis was cloned and recombinant protein was overexpressed in E. coli and purified. The recombinant HtrA efficiently suppressed in vitro the biofilm formation by clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. While the model rat skin injuries treated with HtrA healed slower than in the case of chymotrypsin, their recovery was significantly faster compared with pure buffer. On the other hand, the number of bacterial CFUs on the injuries treated with HtrA solution was reduced five times in 8 days, similarly to chymotrypsin-treated ones, while only twofold reduction was observed in controls. By the way, the resident microflora content of protease-treated and control wounds remained almost similar within 4 days, with Enterococcus faecalis and S. epidermidis being the main resident microflora after the treatment. To the eighth day, the amount of staphylococcal cells was drastically reduced on HtrA- and chymotrypsin-treated wound surfaces, confirming that both proteases provide wound cleaning from pathogenic microflora. Thus, HtrA from B. subtilis significantly reduces the microbial fouling of the wound surface being thereby of interest for wound care