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A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PAPR OF SC-FDMA AND OFDMA FOR LTE SYSTEMS

Long Term Evolution is a new advancement in the era of cellular technology emerged in recent decade that can accommodate the features of quite efficient radio access with high peak data rates as well as high capacity for voice links. Actually it is a journey toward 4th generation with the recent 2G and 3G network operators. This revolution is an improvement over GSM, EDGE G, WCDMA/UMTS, and HSPDA and then HSPA+ to fulfil the demand of high speed mobile networks. This paper primarily describes a comparison of Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) multiple access techniques.This comparison is carried out for the selection of multiple access schemes for the implementation of Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems. Also the advantages and disadvantages of SC-FDMA and OFDMA schemes are described. SC-FDMA is proved better than OFDMA in terms of Peak to average power ratio (PAPR).SCFDMA and OFDMA systems are modelled with MATLAB for PAPR analysis

wConnect: A Developmental Community for Women in Computer and Information Science

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20 Years Of Progress In Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever And Other Arboviral Diseases Research

Throughout the 20 year history of U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2 Detachment (NAMRU), many viruses and viral diseases have been studied. The greatest emphasis has been in the field of arboviruses, specifically dengue virus, chikungunya virus, and Japanese B encephalitis virus. The initial focus of the work was to define the extent of the threat posed by these viruses. Studies were conducted to determine antibody prevalence, and to determine the etiologies of infectious febrile disease in hospitalized patients. Later the work advanced into more specific areas, especially the entomologic and clinical components of these viruses. Little was known of the incidence or kind of arbovirus infections in Indonesia when NAMRU was established. Previous serological studies had used the cross reactive haemagglutination assay. Green et al. in 1973 provided convincing serological evidence of infections with chikungunya virus and group B arboviruses by using the specific virus neutralization assay. These results demonstrated the need for further studies to isolate the causative agent, to describe the epidemiology, and to investigate the clinical features of the associated disease

Prevention of first variceal bleed: an appraisal of current therapies

Primary prophylaxis of esophageal variceal hemorrhage (EVH) is an important issue in the management of patients with portal hypertension. Given the high rates of initial variceal hemorrhage and mortality in patients who have not experienced bleeding from varices, there is an urgent need for some form of primary prophylaxis in all patients with large esophageal varices. The aim of this article is to review the various therapies that have been clinically assessed in randomized controlled trials for their efficacy in prevention of initial EVH. β-Blockers have been found to be useful in primary prophylaxis of EVH, and the consensus at present is that they should be offered to all patients with portal hypertension who are at high risk for EVH. Nitrates and other newer agents are under evaluation. Surgery is not recommended for primary prophylaxis of EVH. Endoscopic sclerotherapy has not been shown unequivocally to be efficacious, and may even be deleterious, possibly related to an unacceptably high complication rate in this clinical setting. However, it may merit further clinical evaluation in light of recent reports of benefit in certain subgroups of patients with portal hypertension. On the other hand, endoscopic variceal ligation, which has an inherently low complication rate and brings about rapid obliteration of varices, may be a better option for primary prophylaxis of EVH. In the future, preprimary prophylaxis, an attractive concept, may be considered. This would involve intervention with pharmacologic agents even before the development of portal hypertension or esophageal varices

Diagnostic accuracy of The Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology: A Five years Study

Introduction: Thyroid nodules are a common clinical problem. It is important to differentiate benign from malignant nodules. Fine needle aspiration is utilized as a preoperative diagnostic technique which is safe, simple and cost effective for triaging patients with thyroid nodules. Methods: The study was conducted at Histopathology department of B.J Medical college, Ahmedabad. It involved period of 5 years patients who presented with thyroid swelling and underwent FNAC and Histopathology. Out of these 1325 cases, 210 patients subsequently underwent surgical excision. Results of final histopathology were correlated with cytologic diagnosis. Results: Histopathologic correlation was done in 210 cases. Out of total 210 cases, 3 cases were diagnosed as Non diagnostic or unsatisfactory,199 cases were diagnosed as Bethesda II and No case was Bethesda III while 4 cases were categorized Bethesda IV and 1 case were Bethesda V and 3 cases were Bethesda VI. The incidence of malignancy in Bethesda categories through were 0%,7.53%, 0%,100%,100% and 100% respectively. Overall accuracy Of FNA cytology was 93.8% with 81.25 % sensitivity and 96.06 % specificity. Conclusion: Our study validated the accuracy of TBSRTC in our setup which is concordant with other studies. Therefore, we recommend routine use of TBSRTC for reporting thyroid cytopathology for initial workup. However, risk of malignancy was found to be significantly high in Bethesda IV, V and VI category to warrant further workup including ultrasound/thyroid scan in addition to repeat FNAC

Studies on biological evaluation of cyanopyrans and pyrazolines using microwave assisted synthesis

1569-1573A series of 3-cyanopyrans 3a-k and pyrazolines 4a-k have been synthesied by condensing 4'-(α-isopropyl-p-chlorophenylacetamidophenyl)-3-aryl-2-propen-1 -ones 2 with malononitrile and hydrazine hydrate respectively. Moreover, a simple and efficient method has been deviced for the rapid and improved synthesis of pyrazolines using microwave irradiation (MWI). All the products have been characterised by elemental analyses, IR, 1H NMR, mass spectral study and screened for their antimicrobial activity against several microbes and antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37 Rv.</i

Prevalence of Weak D Antigen In Western Indian Population

Introduction: Discovery of Rh antigens in 1939 by Landsteiner and Weiner was the revolutionary stage in blood banking. Of these antigens, D, which decides Rh positivity or negativity, is the most antigenic. A problem is encountered when an individual has a weakened expression of D (Du), i.e., fewer numbers of D antigens on red cell membrane. Aims and Objectives: To know the prevalence of weak D in Indian population because incidence varies in different population. To determine the risk of alloimmunization among Rh D negative patients who receives the blood of weak D positive donors. Material and Methods: Rh grouping of 38,962 donors who came to The Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion of Civil Hospital, Ahmedabad from 1st January 2013 to 30th September 2014 was done using the DIAGAST (Automated Grouping). The samples that tested negative for D antigen were further analysed for weak D (Du) by indirect antiglobulin test using blend of Ig G and Ig M Anti D. This was done using Column agglutination method in ID card (gel card). Results: The total number of donors studied was 38,962. Out of these 3360(8.6%) were tested Rh D negative. All Rh D negative donors were tested for weak D (Du). 22 (0.056% of total donors and 0.65% of Rh negative donors) turned out to be weak D (Du) positive. Conclusion: The prevalence of weak D (Du) in Western Indian population is 0.056 %, So the risk of alloimmunization in our setting due to weak D (Du) antigen is marginal. But, testing of weak D antigen is necessary in blood bank because weak D antigen is immunogenic and can produce alloimmunization if transfused to Rh D negative subjects