INFLUENCE STRES ON THE TRAINING PROCESS OF THE HORSES

Etological and physiological tests were realized on 48 horses. There were observed following activities: spontaneous kinetic activity, voice display; the elimination behavior (excretion and urination) and motionless standing. The horses were observed in 40 minute periods during the morning hours. The horses were classed into the following groups: EHB+ - crossing more than 220 sq. per 40 min. (high sensitiveness to stress), EHB+/- - crossing 131 - 220 sq. per 40 min. (mean sensitiveness to stress), EHB- - crossing 130 and less sq. per 40 min. (low sensitiveness to stress). After the evaluating of mineral, energetic, lipid, nitrogen, and enzymatic profile of sport horses there were not observed significant differences from the reference values

INFLUENCE FEEDING AND TRAINING ON THE METABOLIC PROFIL SPORT HORSES

V skupine 11 športových koní sme sledovali vplyv výživy a tréningu na ich metabolický profil. Tréning koní bol rozdelený na štyri obdobia: I. prípravné obdobie - koniec kvantitatívnej fázy, II. prípravné obdobie - koniec kvalitatívnej fázy, III. koniec športovej sezóny, IV. prechodné obdobie - aktívny odpočinok. Hladina glukózy v krvnom sére testovaných koní bola v referenčných hodnotách, s tendenciou poklesu v II. a IV. období (4,34 – 5,03 mmol.l-1). Priemerné hodnoty sme zaznamenali v celkových bielkovinách a v cholesterole pod úrovňou referenčných hodnôt.In a group of 11 sport horses, the effect of the traianig process, inclunding training and resting periods, on the metabolic profile. Training proces was divided into four part: I. End of the sport season, II. End of the resting period, III. End of the quantitative training charged and IV. End of the qualitative training charged. The level glucose in the blood serum of the observed horses was stated within the reference limits, with the tendency towards the inncreased values in the 2-st and 4-st period (4,34 – 5,03 mmol.l-1). The average values global lipid and cholesterol was stated whitin the reference limits

VPLYV STRESU NA TRÉNINGOVÝ PROCES KONÍ

Etological and physiological tests were realized on 48 horses. There were observed following activities: spontaneous kinetic activity, voice display; the elimination behavior (excretion and urination) and motionless standing. The horses were observed in 40 minute periods during the morning hours. The horses were classed into the following groups: EHB+ - crossing more than 220 sq. per 40 min. (high sensitiveness to stress), EHB+/- - crossing 131 - 220 sq. per 40 min. (mean sensitiveness to stress), EHB- - crossing 130 and less sq. per 40 min. (low sensitiveness to stress). After the evaluating of mineral, energetic, lipid, nitrogen, and enzymatic profile of sport horses there were not observed significant differences from the reference values.V etologických a fyziologických pokusoch testovaných koní sme sa zameriavali na zistenie procesu habituácie za použitia behaviorálneho open field testu podľa metodiky MEDVECKY, HALO, NOVACKY (1992) a porovnanie zistených výsledkov s výsledkami výkonnosti. Na základe výskytu frekvencie motorickej aktivity v etologických pokusoch sme 48 koní plemena slovenský športový pony kategorizovali do nasledujúcich skupín: EHB+ - s prechodom nad 220 štvorcov za 40 min. (vysoko citlivé na stres); EHB+/- - s prechodom od 131 do 220 štvorcov za 40 min. (stredne citlivé na stres); EHB- - s prechodom do 130 štvorcov za 40 min. (nízko citlivé na stres). Na základe biochemických vyšetrení sme mapovali fyziologický stav sledovaných zvierat počas tréningového procesu v rámci prípravy na skúšky výkonnosti a športovú testáciu. Počas fyziologických pozorovaní sme sa ďalej pokúsili zistiť existenciu vzťahov medzi kategorizáciou testovaných koní na základe excitability do skupín EHB+, EHB+/- a EHB- a vybranými biochemicko-hematologickými ukazovateľmi adaptácie na tréningovú záťaž. Pri posúdení minerálneho, energetického, lipidového, dusíkového a enzymatického profilu športových koní sme nezaznamenali výraznejšie zmeny oproti referenčným normám. Podľa nášho názoru a dosiahnutých výsledkov testované kone záťaž stanovenú tréningovým procesom znášali vyrovnane a nespôsobovala im výraznejšie problémy. Štatisticky významné rozdiely medzi jednotlivými skupinami v závislosti od excitability sme zaznamenali vo frekvencii motorickej aktivity medzi jedincami EHB+ a EHB- (v prospech EHB+), medzi EHB+ a EHB+/- (v prospech EHB+/-) a medzi EHB+/- a EHB- (v prospech jedincov EHB+/-)

Effects of dietary plant polyphenols and seaweed extract mixture on male-rabbit semen: Quality traits and antioxidant markers

Feed additive consisting of polysaccharides from brown seaweeds plus phenolic acid, hydroxycinnamic acids, tannins, and flavonoids from plant extracts, was used as rabbit food supplement. Main aim of the study was to determine the effect of natural mix of marine and freshwater seaweed polyphenols on selected reproductive characteristics of male rabbits during the 90-days experiment. Natural mix was incorporated in feed-pellets for rabbits in two different concentrations – 0.3% (T1 group) and 0.6% (T2 group), compared with a control group (C group). In experimental groups a significant increase of concentration of calcium during first 30 days of supplementation was found. An increase of alanine aminotransferase, glutathione peroxidase and ferric reducing ability of plasma and a decrease in aspartate aminotransferase after 90 days were recorded in the same groups. Except for that we noticed decrease of semen distance of curved line and velocity of curved line after 30 days though only while being supplemented with 0.6% proportion of seaweed polyphenols in feed mixture. Based on the results it can be stated that the natural mix in the tested levels do not show adverse effect on male rabbit reproductive parameters, and an improvement of antioxidant status was observed. The feed additives can have a very important effect on growth, health and development of animals in general as it supplies the with the much-needed minerals, nutritional substances and antioxidants, on which we focused in our study

Origin and recent expansion of an endogenous gammaretroviral lineage in domestic and wild canids

Abstract Background Vertebrate genomes contain a record of retroviruses that invaded the germlines of ancestral hosts and are passed to offspring as endogenous retroviruses (ERVs). ERVs can impact host function since they contain the necessary sequences for expression within the host. Dogs are an important system for the study of disease and evolution, yet no substantiated reports of infectious retroviruses in dogs exist. Here, we utilized Illumina whole genome sequence data to assess the origin and evolution of a recently active gammaretroviral lineage in domestic and wild canids. Results We identified numerous recently integrated loci of a canid-specific ERV-Fc sublineage within Canis, including 58 insertions that were absent from the reference assembly. Insertions were found throughout the dog genome including within and near gene models. By comparison of orthologous occupied sites, we characterized element prevalence across 332 genomes including all nine extant canid species, revealing evolutionary patterns of ERV-Fc segregation among species as well as subpopulations. Conclusions Sequence analysis revealed common disruptive mutations, suggesting a predominant form of ERV-Fc spread by trans complementation of defective proviruses. ERV-Fc activity included multiple circulating variants that infected canid ancestors from the last 20 million to within 1.6 million years, with recent bursts of germline invasion in the sublineage leading to wolves and dogs.https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/148209/1/12977_2019_Article_468.pd

Periodic ab initio estimates of the dispersive interaction between molecular nitrogen and a monolayer of hexagonal BN

The ab initio determination of the leading long-range term of pairwise additive dispersive interactions, based on the independent analysis of the response properties of the interacting objects, is here considered in the case where these are part of a periodic system. The interaction of a nitrogen molecule with a thin film of hexagonal BN has been chosen as a case study for identifying some of the problems involved, and for proposing techniques for their solution. In order to validate the results so obtained, the interaction energy between N2 and a BN monolayer at different distances has been estimated following a totally different approach, namely by performing post-Hartree–Fock (MP2) supercell calculations using the CRYSTAL+CRYSCOR suite of programs. The results obtained with the two approaches closely agree over a long range, while the limit of validity of the purely dispersive regime can be clearly assessed

Origin and recent expansion of an endogenous gammaretroviral lineage in domestic and wild canids

Background: Vertebrate genomes contain a record of retroviruses that invaded the germlines of ancestral hosts and are passed to offspring as endogenous retroviruses (ERVs). ERVs can impact host function since they contain the necessary sequences for expression within the host. Dogs are an important system for the study of disease and evolution, yet no substantiated reports of infectious retroviruses in dogs exist. Here, we utilized Illumina whole genome sequence data to assess the origin and evolution of a recently active gammaretroviral lineage in domestic and wild canids. Results: We identified numerous recently integrated loci of a canid-specific ERV-Fc sublineage within Canis, including 58 insertions that were absent from the reference assembly. Insertions were found throughout the dog genome including within and near gene models. By comparison of orthologous occupied sites, we characterized element prevalence across 332 genomes including all nine extant canid species, revealing evolutionary patterns of ERV-Fc segregation among species as well as subpopulations. Conclusions: Sequence analysis revealed common disruptive mutations, suggesting a predominant form of ERV-Fc spread by trans complementation of defective proviruses. ERV-Fc activity included multiple circulating variants that infected canid ancestors from the last 20 million to within 1.6 million years, with recent bursts of germline invasion in the sublineage leading to wolves and dogs