565 research outputs found
High-frequency dynamics in the near-surface region studied by inelastic x-ray scattering: The case of liquid indium
Inelastic x-ray scattering in grazing angle geometry provides a novel tool for studying the surface and bulk lattice dynamics in a single experiment by varying the incidence angle around the critical angle of total reflection. At very small incidence angles (below the critical angle), it is possible to study the collective dynamics in a subsurface region of a few nanometres at interatomic length and time scales. An experimental study on liquid indium in the near-surface region is presented here and the results are analysed within a theoretical framework, based on classical hydrodynamics for the height-height fluctuations (capillary waves and non-propagating fluctuations) and generalized hydrodynamics for the bulk density fluctuations. The investigation reveals the presence of capillary waves in the inelastic x-ray spectra as an additional contribution at zero-energy transfer and a modification of the bulk density fluctuation contribution. A longer structural relaxation time and a larger longitudinal viscosity with respect to bulk indium are observed, similarly to related studies in confined liquids. © IOP Publishing Ltd and Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft
Liquid-like behavior of supercritical fluids
The high frequency dynamics of fluid oxygen have been investigated by
Inelastic X-ray Scattering. In spite of the markedly supercritical conditions
(, ), the sound velocity exceeds the hydrodynamic
value of about 20%, a feature which is the fingerprint of liquid-like dynamics.
The comparison of the present results with literature data obtained in several
fluids allow us to identify the extrapolation of the liquid vapor-coexistence
line in the (, ) plane as the relevant edge between liquid- and
gas-like dynamics. More interestingly, this extrapolation is very close to the
non metal-metal transition in hot dense fluids, at pressure and temperature
values as obtained by shock wave experiments. This result points to the
existence of a connection between structural modifications and transport
properties in dense fluids.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, accepted by Phys. Rev. Let
High-frequency subsurface and bulk dynamics of liquid indium
We have performed bulk and surface-sensitive inelastic x-ray scattering experiments on liquid indium with 3 meV energy resolution. The experimental data are well reproduced within a generalized hydrodynamic model including structural and microscopic relaxation processes. We find a longitudinal viscosity of 22 mPa s in the near-surface region compared to 7.4 mPa s in the bulk. The origin of the increase is associated with a slowing down of the collective dynamics in a subsurface region of 4.6 nm. © 2007 The American Physical Society
Bond stretching phonon softening and angle-resolved photoemission kinks in optimally doped Bi2Sr1.6La0.4Cu2O6 superconductors
We report the first measurement of the optical phonon dispersion in optimally
doped single layer Bi2Sr1.6La0.4Cu2O6+delta using inelastic x-ray scattering.
We found a strong softening of the Cu-O bond stretching phonon at about
q=(0.25,0,0) from 76 to 60 meV, similar to the one reported in other cuprates.
A direct comparison with angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy measurements
taken on the same sample, revealed an excellent agreement in terms of energy
and momentum between the ARPES nodal kink and the soft part of the bond
stretching phonon. Indeed, we find that the momentum space where a 63 meV kink
is observed can be connected with a vector q=(xi,0,0) with xi~0.22, which
corresponds exactly to the soft part of the bond stretching phonon mode. This
result supports an interpretation of the ARPES kink in terms of electron-phonon
coupling.Comment: submited to PR
Understanding the complex phase diagram of uranium: the role of electron-phonon coupling
We report an experimental determination of the dispersion of the soft phonon
mode along [1,0,0] in uranium as a function of pressure. The energies of these
phonons increase rapidly, with conventional behavior found by 20 GPa, as
predicted by recent theory. New calculations demonstrate the strong pressure
(and momentum) dependence of the electron-phonon coupling, whereas the
Fermi-surface nesting is surprisingly independent of pressure. This allows a
full understanding of the complex phase diagram of uranium, and the interplay
between the charge-density wave and superconductivity
Velocity and Heat Flow in a Composite Two Fluid System
We describe the stress energy of a fluid with two unequal stresses and heat
flow in terms of two perfect fluid components. The description is in terms of
the fluid velocity overlap of the components, and makes no assumptions about
the equations of state of the perfect fluids. The description is applied to the
metrics of a conformally flat system and a black string.Comment: typos correcte
High frequency longitudinal and transverse dynamics in water
High-resolution, inelastic x-ray scattering measurements of the dynamic
structure factor S(Q,\omega) of liquid water have been performed for wave
vectors Q between 4 and 30 nm^-1 in distinctly different thermodynamic
conditions (T= 263 - 420 K ; at, or close to, ambient pressure and at P = 2
kbar). In agreement with previous inelastic x-ray and neutron studies, the
presence of two inelastic contributions (one dispersing with Q and the other
almost non-dispersive) is confirmed. The study of their temperature- and
Q-dependence provides strong support for a dynamics of liquid water controlled
by the structural relaxation process. A viscoelastic analysis of the
Q-dispersing mode, associated with the longitudinal dynamics, reveals that the
sound velocity undergoes the complete transition from the adiabatic sound
velocity (c_0) (viscous limit) to the infinite frequency sound velocity
(c_\infinity) (elastic limit). On decreasing Q, as the transition regime is
approached from the elastic side, we observe a decrease of the intensity of the
second, weakly dispersing feature, which completely disappears when the viscous
regime is reached. These findings unambiguously identify the second excitation
to be a signature of the transverse dynamics with a longitudinal symmetry
component, which becomes visible in the S(Q,\omega) as soon as the purely
viscous regime is left.Comment: 28 pages, 12 figure
Vibrational properties of hexagonal boron nitride by Inelastic X-ray scattering and ab initio calculations
The phonon dispersion relations of bulk hexagonal boron nitride have been determined from inelastic x-ray scattering measurements and analyzed by ab initio calculations. Experimental data and calculations show an outstanding agreement and reconcile the controversies raised by recent experimental data obtained by electron-energy loss spectroscopy and second-order Raman scattering
Phonon dispersion and lifetimes in MgB2
We measure phonon dispersion and linewidth in a single crystal of MgB_2 along
the Gamma-A, Gamma-M and A-L directions using inelastic X-Ray scattering. We
use Density Functional Theory to compute the effect of both electron-phonon
coupling and anharmonicity on the linewidth, obtaining excellent agreement with
experiment. Anomalous broadening of the E_2g phonon mode is found all along
Gamma-A. The dominant contribution to the linewidth is always the
electron-phonon coupling.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure
A Comprehensive Economic Stimulus for our Failing Economy
This paper presents a comprehensive plan to fix the ailing American economy, through a five-step approach. First, the Federal Reserve must continue to broaden the scope of monetary policy, by purchasing and selling long-term securities. Manipulating expectations through FOMC statements is another tool at the Federal Reserve’s disposal. Secondly, the government must enact fiscal stimulus to stabilize the economy in the short and medium runs, through investment in infrastructure projects, green technology, fusion technology, and science education. Additionally, the new fiscal policy must tackle the mortgage meltdown, which is weighing down the entire economy. Third, the regulatory system must be changed to reduce the likelihood of another financial collapse, starting with the nationalization of the ratings agencies. Ratings should be updated faster, with a numeric grading system rather than the pre-existing letter grades. Fourth, our globalized economy insures that a coordinated globalized response is necessary to recover. Global cooperation to reduce inflation and avoid protectionist policies is vital. Finally, the American bailout policy must be made clear, only giving bailouts to companies that are sound but financially strapped and those that are too big to fail
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