Initial B Cell Activation Induces Metabolic Reprogramming and Mitochondrial Remodeling.

B lymphocytes provide adaptive immunity by generating antigen-specific antibodies and supporting the activation of T cells. Little is known about how global metabolism supports naive B cell activation to enable an effective immune response. By coupling RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data with glucose isotopomer tracing, we show that stimulated B cells increase programs for oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and nucleotide biosynthesis, but not glycolysis. Isotopomer tracing uncovered increases in TCA cycle intermediates with almost no contribution from glucose. Instead, glucose mainly supported the biosynthesis of ribonucleotides. Glucose restriction did not affect B cell functions, yet the inhibition of OXPHOS or glutamine restriction markedly impaired B cell growth and differentiation. Increased OXPHOS prompted studies of mitochondrial dynamics, which revealed extensive mitochondria remodeling during activation. Our results show how B cell metabolism adapts with stimulation and reveals unexpected details for carbon utilization and mitochondrial dynamics at the start of a humoral immune response

Perception of Individual Consumers toward Islamic Banking Products and Services in Pakistan

Islamic banking system was established in Pakistan since 1980. Now, the Islamic banking products are available to serve the customers but these products are not fully accepted by the customers due to the lack of marketing efforts by the providers. To identify the perception about Islamic banking system researcher fill the questionnaires from respondents that what they think about Islamic banking system. And, these respondents are the customers who hold bank account in conventional or Islamic bank. We analyze data through descriptive analysis to find the results about perception of Islamic banking. This study explores the perception of persons that responsible in financial affairs and this study were usage of Islamic banking facilities and respondents understanding of Islamic banking system on different aspects and to selection criteria of bank. Keywords: Consumer Perception, Islamic Banking system, Consumer awareness, features of Islamic ban

A fatal case of gram negative bacterial sepsis associated with disseminated strongyloidiasis in an immunocompromised patient

We report a fatal case of disseminated strongyloidiasis in a patient with multiple myeloma receiving chemrotherapy. A fifty-seven years old man presented with severe diarrhoea and vomiting, fever, weight loss and dysphagia,due to mouth ulcers. Despite broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics, albendazole (anti protozoal) and supportive treatment, the patient died of Gram-negative sepsis

Ampk regulates IgD expression but not energy stress with B cell activation.

Ampk is an energy gatekeeper that responds to decreases in ATP by inhibiting energy-consuming anabolic processes and promoting energy-generating catabolic processes. Recently, we showed that Lkb1, an understudied kinase in B lymphocytes and a major upstream kinase for Ampk, had critical and unexpected roles in activating naïve B cells and in germinal center formation. Therefore, we examined whether Lkb1 activities during B cell activation depend on Ampk and report surprising Ampk activation with in vitro B cell stimulation in the absence of energy stress, coupled to rapid biomass accumulation. Despite Ampk activation and a controlling role for Lkb1 in B cell activation, Ampk knockout did not significantly affect B cell activation, differentiation, nutrient dynamics, gene expression, or humoral immune responses. Instead, Ampk loss specifically repressed the transcriptional expression of IgD and its regulator, Zfp318. Results also reveal that early activation of Ampk by phenformin treatment impairs germinal center formation but does not significantly alter antibody responses. Combined, the data show an unexpectedly specific role for Ampk in the regulation of IgD expression during B cell activation

Experimental investigation of bi-modular material coating to enhance damping

Hard coatings can be used to increase damping when applied on the surface of the components of turbomachinery. This can be effective to reduce the resonant vibration level of components working in a high cycle fatigue environment due to the extremely high operational speed. This paper discusses the experimental investigation of a bi-modular material hard coating to enhance damping in structural steel elements. Firstly, a hard coating (Al2O3+MgO) is applied on AISI 304L stainless steel substrate by plasma spraying. After that, a layer of chrome is deposited by chrome plating. Dynamic responses of both coated and uncoated samples are measured. The damping ratio of the test specimen is extracted from the time response by the logarithmic decrement method. Improved damping capacity of the coated steel sample is observed and is mainly attributed to the thin coating of chrome on the steel structure. The natural frequency of coated specimen showed 8 to 10 % improvement, the forced response showed a 30 to 35 % decrement in displacement, the damping ratio showed a 200 % increment, and the time of decaying showed a 20 % decrement. The results of the present study provide new ideas for the development of high-damping structural elements

A Translation Strategy Analysis Used In The Kite Runner Novel

This research focuses on the translation strategies on The Kite Runner novel by Khaled Hosseini. The objectives of this research are (1) to classify the translation strategies used by the translator in The Kite Runner novel and its translation, and (2) to describe the translation equivalence of translation strategies found in The Kite Runner novel and its translation. The research type applied in this study is descriptive qualitative type. The object of the research is The Kite runner novel. The data is sentence found on The Kite Runner novel and its translation. The technique of collecting data in this study is documentation and interviewing. The writer uses triangulation to prove the validity of the research. The results of this research shows that first, the writer finds 7 types from 8 types of translation strategies according to Baker‟s theory, there are translation by a more general word, translation by a more neutral/less expressive word, translation by cultural substitution, translation using a loan word or loan word plus explanation, translation by paraphrase using related word, translation by paraphrase using unrelated words, and translation by omission. From 1030 data, there are 182 or 17,66%% data belong to Translation by a more general word, 151 or 14,66% data belong to Translation by a more neutral/less expressive word, 25 or 2,42% data belong to Translation by cultural substitution, 375 or 36,40% data belong to Translation using a loan word or loan word plus explanation, 64 or 6,21% data belong to Translation by paraphrase using a related word, 110 or 10,67% data belong to Translation by paraphrase using unrelated word, 123 or 11,94% data belong to Translation by omission. Second, in this research, the researcher states that the translation in The Kite Runner novel has been equivalence with the target language. From 1.030 analyzed data, there are 1030 data or 100% equivalence translation and none of non-equivalence translation. From the preceded percentages, it can be seen that the translation strategies found in The Kite Runner novel and its translation is an equivalence translation. Keywords: translation, translation strategies, equivalence

Surgical Management of Inguinal Hernias at Bugando Medical Centre in Northwestern Tanzania: Our Experiences in a Resource-Limited Setting.

Inguinal hernia repair remains the commonest operation performed by general surgeons all over the world. There is paucity of published data on surgical management of inguinal hernias in our environment. This study is intended to describe our own experiences in the surgical management of inguinal hernias and compare our results with that reported in literature. A descriptive prospective study was conducted at Bugando Medical Centre in northwestern Tanzania. Ethical approval to conduct the study was obtained from relevant authorities before the commencement of the study. Statistical data analysis was done using SPSS software version 17.0. A total of 452 patients with inguinal hernias were enrolled in the study. The median age of patients was 36 years (range 3 months to 78 years). Males outnumbered females by a ratio of 36.7:1. This gender deference was statistically significant (P=0.003). Most patients (44.7%) presented late (more than five years of onset of hernia). Inguinoscrotal hernia (66.8%) was the commonest presentation. At presentation, 208 (46.0%) patients had reducible hernia, 110 (24.3%) had irreducible hernia, 84 (18.6%) and 50(11.1%) patients had obstructed and strangulated hernias respectively. The majority of patients (53.1%) had right sided inguinal hernia with a right-to-left ratio of 2.1: 1. Ninety-two (20.4%) patients had bilateral inguinal hernias. 296 (65.5%) patients had indirect hernia, 102 (22.6%) had direct hernia and 54 (11.9%) had both indirect and direct types (pantaloon hernia). All patients in this study underwent open herniorrhaphy. The majority of patients (61.5%) underwent elective herniorrhaphy under spinal anaesthesia (69.2%). Local anaesthesia was used in only 1.1% of cases. Bowel resection was required in 15.9% of patients. Modified Bassini's repair (79.9%) was the most common technique of posterior wall repair of the inguinal canal. Lichtenstein mesh repair was used in only one (0.2%) patient. Complication rate was 12.4% and it was significantly higher in emergency herniorrhaphy than in elective herniorrhaphy (P=0.002). The median length of hospital stay was 8 days and it was significantly longer in patients with advanced age, delayed admission, concomitant medical illness, high ASA class, the need for bowel resection and in those with surgical repair performed under general anesthesia (P<0.001). Mortality rate was 9.7%. Longer duration of symptoms, late hospitalization, coexisting disease, high ASA class, delayed operation, the need for bowel resection and presence of complications were found to be predictors of mortality (P<0.001). Inguinal hernias continue to be a source of morbidity and mortality in our centre. Early presentation and elective repair of inguinal hernias is pivotal in order to eliminate the morbidity and mortality associated with this very common problem