Court of Milan holds video sharing platforms liable for copyright infringement

On January 2011 and May 2011 the Court of Milan released two interesting decisions in Reti Televisive Italiane S.p.A. v Italia On Line S.r.l. (published on 7 June 2011) and Reti Televisive Italiane S.p.A. v Yahoo! Italia S.r.l. and Yahoo! Inc. (published on 9 September 2011). The Court found that the Internet Service Providers Italia On Line and Yahoo! Italia are liable for copyright infringement in connection with the uploading of several videos on their platforms and cannot rely on the hosting provider exemption under the E-Commerce Directive. The two decisions are particularly interesting as the Court of Milan “created” from scratch a new category of Internet Service Provider liability, i.e. the so-called “active hosting” liability

‘Communication to the Public’ in FAPL v QC Leisure and Murphy v Media Protection Services (Joined Cases C-403/08 and C-429/08)

On 4 October 2011 the Court of Justice of the European Union released its decision in FAPL v QC Leisure and Murphy v Media Protection Services (Joined Cases C-403/08 and C-429/08). Amongst the many aspects dealt with, the Court gave its interpretation of ‘communication to the public’ under Article 3(1) of the Info Society Directive and concluded that the showing of live Premier League matches in pubs does amount to such communication

20 years of network community detection

A fundamental technical challenge in the analysis of network data is the automated discovery of communities - groups of nodes that are strongly connected or that share similar features or roles. In this commentary we review progress in the field over the last 20 years.Comment: 6 pages, 1 figure. Published in Nature Physic

ANALISIS USAHA PERIKANAN TANGKAP MINI PURSE SEINE DI DESA NDAO NUSE, KECAMATAN NDAO NUSE KABUPATEN ROTE NDAO

Usaha penangkapan merupakan satu unit ekonomi yang diperhatikan dalam pelaksanaan dengan memperhitungkan biaya-biaya yang dikeluarkan dan keuntungan yang diperoleh, khusunya usaha penangkapan mini purse seine di Kecamatan Ndao Nuse agar dapat berjalan terus. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode survei dan observasi. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data primer dan sekunder. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan investasi yang digunakan oleh nelayan di Desa Ndao Nuse untuk usaha penangkapan mini purse seine, rata-rata yaitu Rp. 398.927.273. Biaya investasi ini digunakan untuk pembelian kapal, mesin dan jaring (pukat). Besarnya biaya tetap yang harus dikeluarkan oleh nelayan perikanan tangkap mini purse seine (responden) bervariasi tergantung kebutuhannya, dengan rata-rata sebesar Rp. 22.134.759, Biaya tidak tetap diperuntukan untuk biaya operasional berupa pembelian bahan bakar minyak (BBM), perbekalan dan biaya gaji/upah, dimana biaya bahan bakar minyak (BBM) yang dikeluarkan rata-rata sebesar Rp. 3.109.091, sedangkan besaran biaya perbekalan yang disiapkan rata-rata sebesar Rp. 2.652.273. Perhitungan R/C ratio usaha perikanan dengan rata-rata sebesar 4,55 dan rata nilai ROI (Return on Investment) sebesar 35,40%, hasil perhitungan BEP (Break Even Point) atau titik impas menunjukkan bahwa usaha perikanan tersebut mengalami untung dengan nilai BEP rata-rata sebesar Rp.1.683.421. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa usaha perikanan mini purse seine nelayan Desa Ndao Nuse Kecamatan Ndao Nuse Kabupaten Rote Ndao dengan menggunakan analisis ROI, R/C Ratio dan Break Event Point (BEP) menunjukan bahwa usaha perikanan tangkap mini purse seine di Desa Ndao Nuse Kecamatan Ndao Nuse layak dijalankan, dengan pendapatan per bulan sebesar 2,45% dan sangat menguntungkan

Recent advances in the study of development, social and personal experience, and psychopathology

The field of developmental psychopathology has been challenged by various issues in understanding the link between social experiences and psychopathology. These challenges involve conceptual, methodological and statistical concerns that are often interrelated. This article examines four advances in resolving these concerns. First, co-rumination and deviancy training are discussed as specific interpersonal processes that are examples of important social experiences for predicting psychopathology. Second, dynamic properties of dyadic interaction are discussed as one of the recent advances in methodology for this area. Third, the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model is outlined as one of the recent statistical advances in the study of individuals within a dyad. Fourth, changes in the study of culture are presented as informing the understanding link between social experiences and developmental psychopathology

Avaliação comparativa das causas básicas de morte processadas pelos Sistemas "Automated Classification of Medical Entities" e de Seleção de Causa Básica

INTRODUCTION: The correct identification of the underlying cause of death and its precise assignment to a code from the International Classification of Diseases are important issues to achieve accurate and universally comparable mortality statistics These factors, among other ones, led to the development of computer software programs in order to automatically identify the underlying cause of death. OBJECTIVE: This work was conceived to compare the underlying causes of death processed respectively by the Automated Classification of Medical Entities (ACME) and the "Sistema de Seleção de Causa Básica de Morte" (SCB) programs. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The comparative evaluation of the underlying causes of death processed respectively by ACME and SCB systems was performed using the input data file for the ACME system that included deaths which occurred in the State of S. Paulo from June to December 1993, totalling 129,104 records of the corresponding death certificates. The differences between underlying causes selected by ACME and SCB systems verified in the month of June, when considered as SCB errors, were used to correct and improve SCB processing logic and its decision tables. RESULTS: The processing of the underlying causes of death by the ACME and SCB systems resulted in 3,278 differences, that were analysed and ascribed to lack of answer to dialogue boxes during processing, to deaths due to human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] disease for which there was no specific provision in any of the systems, to coding and/or keying errors and to actual problems. The detailed analysis of these latter disclosed that the majority of the underlying causes of death processed by the SCB system were correct and that different interpretations were given to the mortality coding rules by each system, that some particular problems could not be explained with the available documentation and that a smaller proportion of problems were identified as SCB errors. CONCLUSION: These results, disclosing a very low and insignificant number of actual problems, guarantees the use of the version of the SCB system for the Ninth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases and assures the continuity of the work which is being undertaken for the Tenth Revision version.INTRODUÇÃO: A identificação correta da causa básica de morte e a atribuição de código preciso da Classificação Internacional de Doença à mesma são importantes para a obtenção de estatísticas de mortalidade confiáveis e passíveis de comparabilidade universal. Estes fatores, dentre outros, levaram ao desenvolvimento de programas de computador para identificar automaticamente a causa básica de morte. OBJETIVO: Este trabalho teve a finalidade de comparar a causa básica de morte identificada respectivamente pelos programas Automated Classification of Medical Entities (ACME) e pelo Sistema de Seleção de Causa Básica de Morte (SCB). MATERIAL E MÉTODO: O arquivo para a entrada de dados sobre causas de morte (input file) para o Sistema ACME contendo registros de 129.104 declarações de óbito de mortes ocorridas no estado de São Paulo de junho a dezembro de 1993 foi utilizado para o processamento da causa básica pelo SCB. Os problemas identificados pelo processamento dos registros do mês de junho foram considerados para o aprimoramento do sistema SCB. RESULTADOS: Foram encontras 3.278 causas básicas de morte identificadas de modo diferente pelos programs ACME e SCB. Essas diferenças foram atribuídas à falta de resposta adequada a janelas de diálogo durante o processamento pelo SCB, a óbitos por doenças devida a vírus da imunodeficiência adquirida para os quais não havia tabelas de decisão específicas, a erros de codificação e/ou digitação e a problemas propriamente ditos. A análise pormenorizada deste últimos mostrou que, em sua maioria, as causas básicas processadas pelo sistema SCB estavam corretas, que diferentes interpretações das regras de mortalidade foram dadas pelos sistemas comparados, que alguns problemas particulares não tiveram explicação adequada por falta de documentação sobre os mesmos e que uma menor proporção de problemas consistia de erros do SCB. CONCLUSÕES: O número pequeno e praticamente insignificante de problemas encontrados garante o uso da versão do SCB para a Nona Revisão da Classificação Internacional de Doenças e assegura a continuidade dos trabalhos relativos à sua versão para a Décima Revisão

Layer-by-layer assembled cell instructive nanocoatings containing platelet lysate

Great efforts have been made to introduce growth factors (GFs) onto 2D/3D constructs in order to control cell behavior. Platelet Lysate (PL) presents itself as a cost-effective source of multiple GFs and other proteins. The instruction given by a construct-PL combination will depend on how its instructive cues are presented to the cells. The content, stability and conformation of the GFs affect their instruction. Strategies for a controlled incorporation of PL are needed. Herein, PL was incorporated into nanocoatings by layer-by-layer assembling with polysaccharides presenting different sulfation degrees (SD) and charges. Heparin and several marine polysaccharides were tested to evaluate their PL and GF incorporation capability. The consequent effects of those multilayers on human adipose derived stem cells (hASCs) were assessed in short-term cultures. Both nature of the polysaccharide and SD were important properties that influenced the adsorption of PL, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor b (FGFb) and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF). The sulfated polysaccharides-PL multilayers showed to be efficient in the promotion of morphological changes, serum-free adhesion and proliferation of high passage hASCs (P>5). These biomimetic multilayers promise to be versatile platforms to fabricate instructive devices allowing a tunable incorporation of PL.Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology is gratefully acknowledged for fellowships of Sara M. Oliveira. (SFRH/BD/70107/2010).r The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement no REGPOT-CT2012-316331-POLARIS and FP7-KBBE-2010-4-266033 - SPECIAL. This work was also supported by the European Research Council grant agreement ERC-2012-ADG 20120216-321266 for the project ComplexiTE. The authors acknowledge Rogerio P. Pirraco for the Flow cytometry analysis