ANALYZING URBAN GROWTH AND MANAGEMENT FOR THE CITY OF TRIPOLI, LIBYA

This study focuses on the urban growth and management of the city of Tripoli, Libya with an emphasis on the contribution of the economic, social, and political factors in urbanization. Despite the fact that urban planning authorities established and developed several projects and planning generation series, there have been such issues and challenges tackling the fast growth of urban centers, which resulted in population concentration and shortage of services such as housing. This has led to a massive and random expansion in urban areas, which has eliminated huge agricultural and green spaces in favor of new urban areas. Based on archival data, interviews, and very close knowledge of the study area, I argue that there have been constant difficulties in managing and controlling the urban expansion within urban centers in general and Tripoli in particular. In this study, I examined the role of each factor of urban growth and urbanization in the Libyan case compared to Africa in general in line with the theories of Myers (2011), Beall and Fox (2009), Forester (1998), and others. Furthermore, I addressed the question of whether the rapid growth of the city of Tripoli is related to the urban policy and planning strategies through the emphasis on laws and regulations. Planners have stressed reforming the urban planning system and developing a solid relationship with political power and enhancing the role of technology toward developing a modern planning system. Finally, I attempted to focus on the involvement of politics in the urban planning system, which was inspired by the deep and strong role of the social system. There has been a remarkable degree of social and political interference in planning, which has weakened the democratic process and resulted in very corrupt and disorganized urban planning practices, which will be a very important topic for further research. The three GIS data layers used for this research is included in the supplementary files

Artificial propagation and larval rearing of the grouper (Epinephelus coioides Ham. 1822) -Preliminary investigation on hormon propagation in netcage (in Mahshar estuary)

For the first time in Iran artificial propagation and larval rearing of one native species marine fish, Grouper (Epinephelus coioides) orange spont was done during - 1397. For estabishing marine fish farm site selection in Ghazaleh estuary in Mahshar was done. Estabishing netcages and wild spawner were caught and transfered there. Also marine hatchery farm containing spawning tank, trough, rearing larvae tank and live food unit were built. Because Grouper is hermaphrodite protogenos, it was difficult to provide enough male wild spawner naturally, so implantation technique was used for sex reversal. Successfully in supplying needed male spawner for propagation. In spawning season (April May) at 21-25 °C temperature two methods was used. 1. Induce spawning by injection Hormone HCG (1395) 2. Induce spawning without Hormone using by concrete spawning tank in natural condition (1397) all stages of propagation containing (ovation, fertilization, larval production and final food larvae and fingerling production, sex reversal) was successful. In sex reversal the best method was 17α metyltestostorn capsule Hormone implantation abdomen s fish whose suitable size was 5-6 kg .In artificial propagation, at 24-hour interval two Injection with HCG Hormone by 750 IU per kg fish was done. Spawner was started 24-hour after 2nd injection in large amount with bad quality and poor fertilization rate. In semi artificial spawning (without hormone) in spawning tank was gradually and from April at 2-25°C temperature to May 28-30oc temperature. Suitable water temperature for growth of larvae was (23-25°C) and survival rate was (% 29-1/2). The larvae were fed with small size rotifer (80-150 µ) on first week, with 10 rotifer /ml, and large size of rotifer (150-280 µ) on 20th day, artemia saline on (20-25)the day and after 30th day with minced meat. Finally fingerling reached to 9 gr in 80th day

Reduction of magnetic moments in very thin Cr layers of Fe/Cr multilayers: Evidence from Sn-119 Mossbauer spectroscopy

Fe/Cr multilayers with monatomic Sn layers embedded in the Cr layers were grown epitaxially on MgO(001) substrates, and the magnetic hyperfine field at the [119]Sn nuclear sites was examined using Mössbauer spectroscopy. It was found that nonzero hyperfine field is induced at the Sn sites at room temperature and that the value reduces drastically from 10 to 2 T when the Cr layer thickness decreases from 80 to 10 Å. The result indicates that the Cr layers are magnetically ordered even when the thickness is very small and that the magnetic moments of Cr become smaller as the Cr layer thickness decreases

Structural and Optical Characterization of GaN/AlGaN Single Quantum Disk Nanorods

GaN/AlGaN single quantum disks on GaN nanorods were grown on Si (001) substrate with native $SiO_2$ layer by a plasma-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy under nitrogen-rich conditions. The transmission electron microscopy observations show single GaN nanorods images with an average thickness of 4 nm for the GaN single quantum disk and nanorod diameter of 15 nm. The observed photoluminescence spectra at 8 K show a peak at 3.475 eV, attributed to an exciton recombination in GaN. A strong peak was observed at 3.542 eV. This peak is attributed to the quantum confinement of excitons in the GaN quantum disks

Structural and Optical Characterization of GaN/AlGaN Single Quantum Disk Nanorods

GaN/AlGaN single quantum disks on GaN nanorods were grown on Si (001) substrate with native SiO2 layer by a plasma-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy under nitrogen-rich conditions. The transmission electron microscopy observations show single GaN nanorods images with an average thickness of 4 nm for the GaN single quantum disk and nanorod diameter of 15 nm. The observed photoluminescence spectra at 8 K show a peak at 3.475 eV, attributed to an exciton recombination in GaN. A strong peak was observed at 3.542 eV. This peak is attributed to the quantum connement of excitons in the GaN quantum disks