Adverse drug reactions caused by methotrexate in Saudi population

AbstractAimThe aim of this study is to document adverse drug reactions (ARDs) of methotrexate (MTX) in Saudi patients.MethodsCross sectional study of adult patients on MTX, attending rheumatology drug monitoring clinics in a university hospital, over a period of 24weeks. Adverse drug reactions were sought by patient interview, files review and laboratory abnormalities.ResultsData collected included patients’ demographics, diagnoses, co-morbidities, MTX dose and duration, other medications, laboratory abnormalities and adverse reactions, their severity, preventability, and outcome. Out of a total of 593 patients screened, 186 (31.4%) using MTX were interviewed. Most of the patients were female (88.5%). Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were detected in 61 patients (32.8%). Patients with ADRs took a mean dose of 12.9mg (2.5–22.5mg). Ten ADRs (16.4% of total reactions) were preventable; they ranged between severe, moderate and mild. The most common ADRs were gastrointestinal (GI) (52.5%), followed by anemia (8.2%) and chest tightness (6.6%). The duration of the reaction ranged from few hours to 4years.ConclusionIn conclusion our patients with adverse reactions were younger, took less medications and had less co-morbidities. Our results were different from those published in the literature relating MTX toxicity

Reflection and Transmission of an Incident Progressive Wave by Obstacles in Homogeneous Shallow Water

The influence of a suspended fixed obstacle on an incident progressive wave inside an ideal homogeneous shallow water is studied in two dimensions. The fluid occupies an infinite channel of a constant depth, and a fixed obstacle of a small horizontal extent is partially submerged without contact with the bottom of the channel. An asymptotic double series expansion for the solution is used. The procedure enables us to calculate analytic expressions for the local perturbations up to the second order. The results of the first-order approximation indicate that no reflections exist. The second-order approximation of the solution is found to be the superposition of a progressive wave and local perturbations. For approximations of order higher than two, a secular term which increases monotonically with time and distance appears in the expressions for the progressive wave. This unacceptable result is due to a certain aspects in the mathematical procedure used. For this reason, the procedure is modified by using a suitable transformation of variables which reduces the determination of the transmitted wave to the solution of the KdV equation. As an illustration, the special case of the incident uniform flow is considered and the stream lines of the resulting flow are drawn

First Order Phase Transformation in Amorphous Ge25Se75 – xSbx Glasses

Non-isothermal Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) technique was used to study the kinetics of first order phase transformation in Ge25Se75 – xSbx glasses. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique was employed to investigate the amorphous and crystalline phases in Ge25Se75 – xSbx glasses. From the heating rate dependences of crystallization temperature; the activation energy for crystallization and other kinetics parameters were derived. The temperature difference (Tc – Tg) and Tc is highest for the samples with 6 % of Sb. Hence, Ge25Se69Sb6 glass is most stable. The enthalpy released is found to be less for Ge25Se69Sb6 glass which further confirms its maximum stability. The activation energy of crystallization (Ec) is found to vary with compositions indicating a structural change due to the addition of Sb. The crystallization data are interpreted in terms of recent analyses developed for non-isothermal conditions. The present investigation indicates that both the glass transition and the crystallization processes occur in a single stage. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/3101

Evaluation of the protective efficacy of immunoglobulin Y (IgY- antibodies) prepared against Walterinnesia aegyptia snake venom in Saudi Arabia

Four groups of eight chickens were immunized intramuscularly with Walterinnesia aegyptia snake venoms mixed with Freund's complete adjuvant during the period from 1st October 2009 to 1st October 2011 at the Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia. Three weeks later, the injections were repeated with the venoms in incomplete Freund's adjuvant. Three boosters were given with the venoms at three weeks intervals. The immunoglobulin Y (IgY)-antibodies was extracted by ammonium sulphate-caprylic acid method, the antibody titer were tested by enzyme linked immunosorbant assay and the protective efficacies of the extracted immunoglobulins were performed. IgY-preparation extracted by ammonium sulphate-caprylic acid method showed lack of low molecular weight bands (non-immunoglobulin proteins) and the bands representing IgY-antibodies, which have molecular weights ranging from 180 to 200 kDa, appeared sharp and clear. Moreover, evaluation of the protective value of the IgY - antibodies prepared revealed that, one milliliter of extracted IgY-antibodies containing 15 mg/ml anti-W. aegyptia venom specific IgY could produce 100% protection against 50 LD50 and 75% protection against 60 LD50. Laying hens could be used as an alternative source of polyclonal antibodies against W. aegyptia snake venoms due to several advantages as compared with mammals traditionally used for such purpose.Keywords: Snake venom, Walterinnesia aegyptia, immunoglobulins Y, protective efficacy, caprylic aci

REMOVAL OF PHTHALATES FROM CONTAMINATED WATER USING DIRECT PHOTOLYSIS AND UV/H2O2 PROCESSES

This study was conducted to evaluate the removal efficiency of phthalate from contaminated water using the direct photolysis and the ultraviolet / hydrogen peroxide (UV/H2O2) process. Dimethyl phthalate (DMP) with an initial concentration of 20 ppm was used as a model compound. A lowpressure mercury UV lamp of 100 mWatt intensity was used to provide the radiation. The effects of initial concentration of H2O2, UV exposure time, pH and temperature were assessed. The results showed that about 60 % of DMP were removed directly by activation caused by UV light after an exposure time of one hour. However, the removal efficiency increased when the DMP-spiked water was first dosed with H2O2 prior to irradiating with UV light (i.e. UV/H2O2). More than 98% of DMP was removed after 45 minutes when the UV-irradiated solution was dosed with 136 ppm of H2O2. The results also showed that lowering the pH and increasing the temperature enhanced the removal of DMP by UV/H2O2 process

Development of a photoinduced chemiluminescent method for the determination of the herbicide quinmerac in water

This paper was published in APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY and is made available as an electronic reprint with the permission of OSA. The paper can be found at the following URL on the OSA website: http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/14-07791 . Systematic or multiple reproduction or distribution to multiple locations via electronic or other means is prohibited and is subject to penalties under law.A new, simple and sensitive method, based on photoinduced chemiluminescence, was developed for the determination of quinmerac. The photoproduct, obtained after UV irradiation in basic medium, was mixed with sodium sulfite (sensitizer), and Ce(IV) (oxidant) in acid medium. A wide linear dynamic range (2-600 ng mL-1) and a limit of detection of 0.6 ng mL-1 were obtained without any pretreatment (0.08 ng mL-1 after solid phase extraction). The determination was performed using a flow injection manifold, which allowed a high throughput (144 h-1). The inter-day reproducibility was 5.6% (n=5), and the intra-day repeatability was 3.9 and 2.9% for 20 and 200 ng mL-1 of quinmerac, respectively (n=21). Finally, the method was applied to surface and ground waters with recoveries ranging from 78.1 to 94.5%.The authors thank the Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia from Spain and FEDER for financial support, Project CTM2006-11991.Catalá-Icardo, M.; López Paz, JL.; Blázquez Pérez, J. (2015). Development of a photoinduced chemiluminescent method for the determination of the herbicide quinmerac in water. Applied Spectroscopy. 69(10):1199-1204. https://doi.org/10.1366/14-07791S119912046910Rodríguez, V. A., Mazza, S. M., Martínez, G. C., Alvarenga, L., Píccoli, A. B., Ortiz, M. L., & Avanza, M. M. (2007). Uso de reguladores de crescimento para incrementar la productividad de mandarino «clemenules». Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, 29(1), 48-56. doi:10.1590/s0100-29452007000100012Vieira, C. R. Y. I., Pires, E. J. P., Terra, M. 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Journal of Chromatography A, 1216(18), 3702-3709. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2009.02.048ALDER, L., LUDERITZ, S., LINDTNER, K., & STAN, H. (2004). The ECHO technique – the more effective way of data evaluation in liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Journal of Chromatography A, 1058(1-2), 67-79. doi:10.1016/s0021-9673(04)01479-7Lacina, O., Urbanova, J., Poustka, J., & Hajslova, J. (2010). Identification/quantification of multiple pesticide residues in food plants by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1217(5), 648-659. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.098Lacina, O., Zachariasova, M., Urbanova, J., Vaclavikova, M., Cajka, T., & Hajslova, J. (2012). Critical assessment of extraction methods for the simultaneous determination of pesticide residues and mycotoxins in fruits, cereals, spices and oil seeds employing ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. 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QuEChERS and solid phase extraction methods for the determination of energy crop pesticides in soil, plant and runoff water matrices. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 93(15), 1566-1584. doi:10.1080/03067319.2013.803282Vandecasteele, K., Gaus, I., Debreuck, W., & Walraevens, K. (2000). Identification and Quantification of 77 Pesticides in Groundwater Using Solid Phase Coupled to Liquid−Liquid Microextraction and Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography. Analytical Chemistry, 72(14), 3093-3101. doi:10.1021/ac991359cIcardo, M. (2003). FI-on line photochemical reaction for direct chemiluminescence determination of photodegradated chloramphenicol. Talanta, 60(2-3), 405-414. doi:10.1016/s0039-9140(03)00074-2Sun, S., & Lu, J. (2006). Flow-injection post chemiluminescence determination of atropine sulfate. Analytica Chimica Acta, 580(1), 9-13. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2006.07.049Pinna, M. V., & Pusino, A. (2012). Direct and indirect photolysis of two quinolinecarboxylic herbicides in aqueous systems. Chemosphere, 86(6), 655-658. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.11.016Yu, X., Jiang, Z., Wang, Q., & Guo, Y. (2010). Silver nanoparticle-based chemiluminescence enhancement for the determination of norfloxacin. Microchimica Acta, 171(1-2), 17-22. doi:10.1007/s00604-010-0401-6Zhang, J., Li, J., & Tu, Y. (2009). Flow injection determination of benzhexol based on its sensitizing effect on the chemiluminescent reaction of Ce(IV)-sulfite. Luminescence, 25(4), 317-321. doi:10.1002/bio.1154AL-ARFAJ, N. A., AL-ABDULKAREEM, E. A., & ALY, F. A. (2009). Flow-Injection Chemiluminometric Determination of Pioglitazone HCl by Its Sensitizing Effect on the Cerium-Sulfite Reaction. Analytical Sciences, 25(3), 401-406. doi:10.2116/analsci.25.401Liu, H., Ren, J., Hao, Y., Ding, H., He, P., & Fang, Y. (2006). Determination of metoprolol tartrate in tablets and human urine using flow-injection chemiluminescence method. 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Characterization of tungstophosphoric acid supported on MCM-41 mesoporous silica by using n-hexane cracking, benzene adsorption, and xray diffraction.

MCM-41 with all-silica composition was synthesized with unit cell parameters a=b=60Å. The material was characterized by X-ray powder diffraction and benzene adsorption. Combinations of unit cell parameter, benzene adsorption and crystal density determination have given values for the pore diameter and wall thickness in the ab-plane of the unit cell. The unit cell size shrank upon impregnation of the material with tungstophosphoric acid.The catalytic activity of tungstophosphoric acid (HPW) supported on the all-silica mesoporous MCM-41 material has been evaluated for the cracking of n-hexane. The catalyst showed a very high activity of n-hexane cracking at a temperature as low as 200oC, at very low space velocity. However, the catalyst deactivated rapidly due to coke deposition on the acid sites. At higher temperature the activity declined, most likely because of the heteropoly-acid thermal instability. Both X-ray powder diffraction and infra-red spectroscopy have shown evidence for the heteropolyacid instability starting at 300oC.The type of the solvent used in the impregnation affected the dispersion of HPW on the MCM-41 material as indicated by benzene adsorption measurement, but it did not influence the catalytic performance for nhexane cracking. In the case of aqueous solution, the benzene adsorption was lower than that of the parent MCM-41 material. The reduced adsorption capacity was probably due to the presence of the HPW at the pore mouth of the cylindrical channels, causing narrowing and blocking of some sections of the channels. Moreover, the adsorption isotherm showed a micropore characteristic supporting the pore narrowing proposal. In the case of using methanol solvent for the impregnation, the full adsorption capacity was retained, indicating a much higher dispersion of the HPW throughout the channels of the MCM-41 material. The benzene adsorption isotherm also showed the characteristic of mesoporosity and the adsorption capacity was not appreciably reduced.Characterization of the spent catalyst after n-hexane cracking test showed additional reduction in the benzene adsorption capacity for the aqueous impregnated catalyst. Again the methanol-impregnated catalyst had almost a full adsorption capacity