La différence épidémiologique des hémorragies digestives hautes entre les hommes et les femmes

Introduction: Des différences épidémiologiques, étiologique voire pronostique des hémorragies digestives hautes (HDH) entre les deux sexes opposés ont été cité par différentes études. Méthodes: Nous avons essayé de déceler ces différences à travers une analyse rétrospective nichée sur une étude prospective sur les hémorragies digestives hautes ayant inclus 945 patients.Résultats: Six cents trente-sept patients étaient des hommes (67,4% Vs 32,6%). Un antécédent d’HDH était trouvé chez 24,2% des cas sans différence significative entre les deux sexes. L’âge de survenue de l’hémorragie était plus élevé chez les femmes que chez les hommes : 51,5 ans ± 18,8 Vs 47,8 ans ± 18,3 (p : 0,003). Les étiologies de l’HDH étaient différentes entre les deux sexes. Alors que l’hémorragie liée à l’HTP était la première cause chez la femme (38 % Vs 23,5 % chezl’homme, p<0,0001), c’est la pathologie ulcéreuse qui venait en premier chez l’homme (62 % Vs 36,7 % chez la femme, p <0,0001). Un besointransfusionnel était noté chez 42,4 % des patients de sexe masculin contre 35,4 % des patientes avec un p = 0,03. Le taux de récidive et de décès global étaient de 7,5 % et de 5,7 % des cas respectivement, sans différence significative entre les deux sexes.Conclusion: L’étude trouve un profil épidémiologique, clinique et étiologique différent selon le sexe des patients.Key words: Hémorragie digestive haute, épidémiologie, sexe masculin, sexe féminin, endoscopie, ulcère gastroduodénal, hypertension portal

Iron for Africa-Report of an Expert Workshop.

Scientific experts from nine countries gathered to share their views and experience around iron interventions in Africa. Inappropriate eating habits, infections and parasitism are responsible for significant prevalence of iron deficiency, but reliable and country-comparable prevalence estimates are lacking: improvements in biomarkers and cut-offs values adapted to context of use are needed. Benefits of iron interventions on growth and development are indisputable and outweigh risks, which exist in populations with a high infectious burden. Indeed, pathogen growth may increase with enhanced available iron, calling for caution and preventive measures where malaria or other infections are prevalent. Most African countries programmatically fortify flour and supplement pregnant women, while iron deficiency in young children is rather addressed at individual level. Coverage and efficacy could improve through increased access for target populations, raised awareness and lower cost. More bioavailable iron forms, helping to decrease iron dose, or prebiotics, which both may lower risk of infections are attractive opportunities for Africa. Fortifying specific food products could be a relevant route, adapted to local context and needs of population groups while providing education and training. More globally, partnerships involving various stakeholders are encouraged, that could tackle all aspects of the issue

Endovascular management of iatrogenic renal vascular injuries complicating percutaneous nephrolithotomy: Role of renal angiography and embolization; an analysis of 159 cases

Objective: To describe the use of renal angiography in the detection of renal vascular injuries following percutaneous nephrolithotomy and to assess the efficacy of endovascular management of these complications. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective review of 159 consecutive patients over a period of 12 years from 2005 to 2016 who presented with significant post nephrolithotomy hemorrhage and who were evaluated by renal angiography as a first-line diagnostic study, followed by embolization of identified renal vascular injuries in the same session. The parameters assessed for each patient included type of renal vascular injury identified, type of embolic material and therapeutic outcome. Results: Renal vascular lesions identified in 119 patients were treated with embolization with complete resolution of hemorrhage, no further clinical deterioration and preservation of renal function. Conclusions: Renal vascular injury is a rare complication of percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Early renal angiography and selective embolization can play an integral diagnostic and therapeutic role

Contamination microbiologique résiduelle des endoscopes digestifs

Les endoscopes sont des dispositifs médicaux qui ne peuvent faire l’objet de mesures de stérilisation en raison de leur caractère complexe et notamment de la sensibilité à la chaleur de certains de leurs constituants. La complexité de leur structure rend possible une accumulation de souillures organiques ou minérales qui peuvent elles-mêmes renfermer des agents infectieux. Une fréquence ou une qualité insuffisante de la procédure de désinfection peut aboutir à la formation d’un biofilm. L’objectif de notre travail est de faire une évaluation de la contamination microbiologique des endoscopes après désinfection dans une unité d’endoscopie du service d’hépato- gastro-entérologie du CHU Hassan II de Fès, Maroc. Les prélèvements ont concerné 13 endoscopes. Ils ont été réalisés en deux phases : l’injection d’une solution de décrochage dans les canaux de l’endoscope, et l’écouvillonnage de l’embout distal, puis insufflation et aspiration. L’eau du rinçage terminal ainsi que la solution de désinfection ont également été contrôlées. Les résultats obtenus ont montré une contamination résiduelle de la flore mésophile aérobie totale (FMAT) de l’ordre de 3,6.103 UFC/endoscope. Nous avons identifié 60 micro- organismes. Pseudomonas sp. est la bactérie la plus fréquemment rencontrée dans nos prélèvements (35 %), Acinetobacter sp. (13 %), Micrococcus sp. (17,5 %), Escherichia sp. (15 %), Staphylococcus sp.et Streptococcus sp. (11 %), Bacillus sp. (6 %), et Candida sp. (3 %). La modification dans la procédure de désinfection adoptée dans le service a permis de ramener la contamination à un niveau cible (FMAT < 10 UFC/endoscope). Le respect des principes de bases de l’hygiène hospitalière et l’application de procédures de nettoyage et de désinfection rigoureuses sont des éléments majeurs dans la prévention et la lutte contre les infections nosocomiales

Burden of celiac disease in the Mediterranean area

AIM: To estimate the burden of undiagnosed celiac disease (CD) in the Mediterranean area in terms of morbidity, mortality and health cost. METHODS: For statistics regarding the population of each country in the Mediterranean area, we accessed authoritative international sources (World Bank, World Health Organization and United Nations). The prevalence of CD was obtained for most countries from published reports. An overall prevalence rate of 1% cases/total population was finally estimated to represent the frequency of the disease in the area, since none of the available confidence intervals of the reported rates significantly excluded this rate. The distribution of symptoms and complications was obtained from reliable reports in the same cohort. A standardized mortality rate of 1.8 was obtained from recent reports. Crude health cost was estimated for the years between symptoms and diagnosis for adults and children, and was standardized for purchasing power parity to account for the different economic profiles amongst Mediterranean countries. RESULTS: In the next 10 years, the Mediterranean area will have about half a billion inhabitants, of which 120 million will be children. The projected number of CD diagnoses in 2020 is 5 million cases (1 million celiac children), with a relative increase of 11% compared to 2010. Based on the 2010 rate, there will be about 550 000 symptomatic adults and about 240 000 sick children: 85% of the symptomatic patients will suffer from gastrointestinal complaints, 40% are likely to have anemia, 30% will likely have osteopenia, 20% of children will have short stature, and 10% will have abnormal liver enzymes. The estimated standardized medical costs for symptomatic celiac patients during the delay between symptom onset and diagnosis (mean 6 years for adults, 2 years for children) will be about €4 billion (€387 million for children) over the next 10 years. A delay in diagnosis is expected to increase mortal ity: about 600 000 celiac patients will die in the next 10 years, with an excess of 44.4% vs age- and sex-matched controls. CONCLUSION: In the near future, the burden of CD will increase tremendously. Few Mediterranean countries are able to face this expanding epidemic alone. © 2011 Baishideng. All rights reserved

Diagnosis of celiac disease and applicability of ESPGHAN guidelines in Mediterranean countries: A real life prospective study

Background: We assessed how the diagnosis of Celiac Disease (CD) is made and how the new ESPGHAN guidelines can be applied in children from countries with different resources. Methods: A real life prospective study was performed in 14 centres of 13 different Mediterranean countries. Participants were asked to apply the usual diagnostic work-up for CD according to their diagnostic facilities. Results: There were 1974 patients enrolled in the study, mean age 4 years, 10 months; 865 male, 1109 female. CD was confirmed in 511 (25.9%) and was unconfirmed in 1391 (70.5%) patients; 14 patients were diagnosed as having CD according to the new ESPGHAN guidelines, 43 patients were classified as having potential CD. In all participating countries the diagnosis of CD relied on histology of duodenal biopsy; in 5 countries, HLA, and in one country endomysial antibodies (EMA) were not available. Symptoms did not add a significant increase to the pre-test probability of serological tests. The positive predictive value of tissue transglutaminase type 2 (tTG) antibodies performed with different kits but all corresponding to those recommended by ESPGHAN was 96.1% (95% CI 94-97.9%) in presence of tTG &gt; 10xULN. In 135 patients with tTG &gt;10xULN, HLA genotyping was performed and in all it was compatible with CD. Conclusions: The results of our study show that CD diagnosis still relies on intestinal biopsy in the Mediterranean area. New ESPGHAN criteria are not applicable in 5 countries due to lack of resources needed to perform HLA genotyping and, in one country, EMA assay. Further simplification of the new ESPGHAN guidelines might be made according to what preliminarily the present results suggest if confirmed by new prospective studies. © 2017 The Author(s)