XVI. Asırda Dini Meşruiyet ile Reel Politik Arasında Osmanlı Dış İlişkileri

This article analyzes the conduct of the foreign policy of the Ottoman Empire and its compatibility with state ideology in the sixteenth century. It attempts to point out different ways the Ottomans used religious or political discourse to justify different policies. In particular, it focuses on the ways the Ottoman Empire dealt with the Habsburg and Safavid Empires, which exemplified two ideologically different struggles for the Ottoman Empire. It compares how chronicles and official documents responded to particular events, to understand how they prescribed and projected foreign relations differently. This study contends that on the one hand, religious ideology shaped and regulated Ottoman external relations, but on the other the Ottoman Empire also reconfigured religious ideology about jihad and developed new ideological arguments for political expediency, to relieve tension between the ideology and the reality.Bu çalışma, XVI. asırda Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun dış politikasının gidişatını ve devlet ideolojisi ile uyumluluğunu incelemekte ve Osmanlıların farklı politikalarını haklı çıkarmak için ne tür dini veya siyasi söylem kullandıklarını anlamaya çalışmaktadır. Söz konusu çalışma, özellikle, ideolojik olarak Osmanlılar için iki farklı mücadeleyi örnekleyen Habsburg ve Safevi İmparatorlukları ile Osmanlı İmparatorluğu arasındaki ilişkilere odaklanmaktadır. Bu çalışma, aynı zamanda, Osmanlı kroniklerinin ve resmi belgelerinin belirli olaylara nasıl tepki verdiklerini ve dış ilişkileri nasıl farklı şekilde yansıttıklarını incelemektedir. Ayrıca, bu çalışma, bir yandan dini ideolojinin Osmanlı dış ilişkilerini nasıl şekillendirdiğini ve düzenlediğini, ancak diğer yandan Osmanlı Devleti’nin ideoloji ile gerçeklik arasındaki gerilimi azaltmak için dini ideolojiyi nasıl yeniden yapılandırdığını ve yeni ideolojik argümanlar geliştirdiğini analiz etmektedir

Current Approaches for Exploration of Nanoparticles as Antibacterial Agents

The ascending anxiety regarding antimicrobial resistance as well as the recalcitrant nature of biofilm-associated infections call for the development of alternative strategies to treat bacterial diseases. Nanoparticles have been considered as one of the emerging and promising platforms in this respect. Their unique physical and chemical properties may lead to fine-tuned interactions between them and bacteria. In this chapter, we aim to provide an overview on the use of nanoparticles as antimicrobial agents. Both antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities of nanoparticles and their current approaches will be reviewed. The in vitro methods that are used to evaluate the potency of nanoparticles as antimicrobial agents will be discussed in detail

Study of the One- and Two-Band Models for Colossal Magnetoresistive Manganites Using the Truncated Polynomial Expansion Method

Considerable progress has been recently made in the theoretical understanding of the colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) effect in manganites. The analysis of simple models with two competing states and a resistor network approximation to calculate conductances has confirmed that CMR effects can be theoretically reproduced using non-uniform clustered states. In this paper, the recently proposed Truncated Polynomial Expansion method (TPEM) for spin-fermion systems is tested using the double-exchange one-band, with finite Hund coupling $J_{\rm H}$, and two-band, with infinite $J_{\rm H}$, models. Two dimensional lattices as large as 48$\times$48 are studied, far larger than those that can be handled with standard exact diagonalization (DIAG) techniques for the fermionic sector. The clean limit (i.e. without quenched disorder) is here analyzed in detail. Phase diagrams are obtained, showing first-order transitions separating ferromagnetic metallic from insulating states. A huge magnetoresistance is found at low temperatures by including small magnetic fields, in excellent agreement with experiments. However, at temperatures above the Curie transition the effect is much smaller confirming that the standard finite-temperature CMR phenomenon cannot be understood using homogeneous states. By comparing results between the two methods, TPEM and DIAG, on small lattices, and by analyzing the systematic behavior with increasing cluster sizes, it is concluded that the TPEM is accurate to handle realistic manganite models on large systems. Our results pave the way to a frontal computational attack of the colossal magnetoresistance phenomenon using double-exchange like models, on large clusters, and including quenched disorder.Comment: 14 pages, 17 figure

Markdown Budgets for Retail Buyers: Help or Hindrance?

For many retailers, markdown decisions are taken by retail buyers whose compensation is based on sales revenue so their objective is to maximize it through the season. This implies that the buyers' objectives are not perfectly aligned with the overall profitability the firm. Many retailers set markdown budgets prior to the season to control margin erosion and increase profitability. Markdown budget constrains the buyers on the amount of discounts that they can apply on a given inventory of merchandise and sets a limit on the dollar value of markdowns for the season. While markdown budgets may be useful in preventing excessive discounts, they can have a detrimental effect on the buyers' ability to respond to poor market and remove distressed inventory. We investigate the effectiveness of this practice in aligning the incentives of buyers with that of the firm, and provide guidance on how these budgets should be established ahead of time. We consider a firm with a fixed inventory of a seasonable item, and a single chance to mark the price down. The retailer knows only the demand distribution at the beginning of the season, but the market information is revealed during the season to the buyer. We first characterize the buyer's markdown policy and understand the circumstances under which this can be different from the retailer's markdown policy. We use our model to determine the optimal markdown budget and quantify its effectiveness considering different factors such as the level of demand uncertainty, initial markup, and market's responsiveness to markdowns. © 2017 Production and Operations Management Societ

VACCINATION PRACTICES OF ADULT FAMILIAL MEDITERRANEAN FEVER PATIENTS IN TURKEY.

[Abstract Not Available

Kahramanmaraş’ta Organik Pamuk Üretim Olanaklarının Araştırılması

Organik pamuk tarımı ile ilgili bazı temel veriler elde etmek amacıyla yapılan bu proje 2001 yılında başlamış 2006 yılında sonuçlandırılmıştır. Yürütülen çalışma ile pamuk bitkisinin yaprak tüylülüğü ile bitki besleme tekniğinin görülen zararlıların yoğunluğunu etkilediği belirlenmiştir. Yapılan çalışmada; zararlılar klasik üretim sisteminin uygulandığı parsellerde diğer sistemlerden daha yüksek yoğunlukta tespit edilirken bunu organik ve kontrol üretim sistemlerinin izlediği belirlenmiştir. Empoasca decipiens, yaprakları tüysüz veya az tüylü olan Erşan-92 pamuk çeşidinde diğerlerine göre daha fazla yoğunlukta görülürken; yaprakları daha tüylü olan Stoneville 453 pamuk çeşidinde daha düşük yoğunlukta tespit edilmiştir. İlimiz pamuk ekim alanlarının önemli problemlerinden biri solgunluk hastalığıdır. Yaprak ve gövde kesitine göre belirlenen hastalık şiddeti organik üretim sistemi parsellerinde daha düşük görülmüş bunu kontrol ve klasik üretim sistemleri izlemiştir. Hastalık şiddeti değerlerine bakıldığında münavebesiz parsellerde münavebe yapılan parsellere göre daha yüksek görülmüştür. Projede yabancı otlar ile ilgili yapılan çalışmada Sorghum halepense (Geliç), Xanthium strumarium L.(Pıtrak), Convolvulus arvensis L.(Tarla Sarmaşığı), Cyperus spp.(Topalak) ve Echinocloa colonum(Benekli Darıcan)’ın klasik parsellerde; Amaranthus retroflexus L.(Horoz İbiği), Solanum nigrum L.(Köpek Üzümü) ve Portulaca oleracea L.(Semiz Otu)’nın ise organik parsellerde daha yoğun olarak görüldüğü tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmada ortalama verim değerlerinin münavebe yapılan parsellerde münavebesiz parsellere göre daha yüksek olduğu ayrıca klasik üretimin organik üretim yapılan parsellere göre daha yüksek verim verdiği tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmanın ekonomik analizinde net gelirler ortalamasına bakıldığında münavebeli parsellerin münavebesize göre, klasik parsellerinde organiğe göre daha yüksek net gelir sağladığı tespit edilmiştir

A Real Space Description of Field Induced Melting in the Charge Ordered Manganites: II. the Disordered Case

We study the effect of A site disorder on magnetic field induced melting of charge order (CO) in half doped manganites using a Monte-Carlo technique. Strong A-site disorder destroys CO even without an applied field. At moderate disorder, the zero field CO state survives but has several intriguing features in its field response. Our spatially resolved results track the broadening of the field melting transition due to disorder and explain the unusual dependence of the melting scales on bandwidth and disorder. In combination with our companion paper on field melting of charge order in clean systems we provide an unified understanding of CO melting across all half doped manganites.Comment: 9 pages, pdflatex, 10 embedded png fig

Clinical and Demographic Characteristics and Two-Year Efficacy and Safety Data of 508 Multiple Sclerosis Patients with Fingolimod Treatment

Introduction: Fingolimod is the first oral immunomodulatory treatment used as secondary care therapy in the treatment of multiple sclerosis for the last 10 years. The objective of our study is to reveal the experiences of the first generic fingolimod active ingredient treatment in different centers across Turkey. Method: The first generic fingolimod efficacy and safety data of patients followed-up in 29 different clinical multiple sclerosis units in Turkey were analyzed retrospectively. Data regarding efficacy and safety of the patients were transferred to the data system both before the treatment and on the 6th, 12th and 24th month following the treatment. The data were analyzed using the IBM SPSS 20.00. P value of <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results: A total of 508 multiple sclerosis patients, 331 of whom were women, were included in the study. Upon comparing the Expanded Disability Status values before and after the treatment, a significant decrease was observed, especially at month 6 and thereafter. Since bradycardia occurred in 11 of the patients (2.3%), the first dose had to be longer than 6 hours. During the observation of the first dose, no issues that could prevent the use of the drug occured. Side effects were seen in 49 (10.3%) patients during the course of fingolimod treatment. Respectively, the most frequent side effects were bradycardia, hypotension, headache, dizziness and tachycardia. Conclusion: The observed results regarding efficacy and safety were similar to clinical trial data in the literature and real life data in terms of the first equivalent with fingolimod active ingredient. © 2023, Turkish Neuropsychiatric Society. All rights reserved.Thanks to SANOVEL for funding the publication process