Análise da expansão da agricultura de grãos na região de Santarém e Belterra, Oeste do estado do Pará.

The images obtained from orbital platforms have been used for the analysis of many occupation processes of the Amazon region along the years. Nevertheless, analyses that have only one date of passage portray just a point in time and, for that, do not explain the occupation process of the region. The evolution of the mechanical agriculture in the towns of Belterra and Santarém, in the west side of Pará state, is causing a series of conflicts between the producers and the environmental movements because of the hypothesis of the expansion of the cultivated area in detriment of the areas of forest formation. Through a time series analysis that uses images from the sensors MSS and TM Landsat from 1975, 1986, 1997, 1999, 2004 and 2005, using digital classification and an intense field work, it was possible to observe the dynamic of the use and the discovery of the land. The results show that there was a reduction of 25% of the forest in the last 30 years. Although the main landscape is the forest formation, it was found that the use of the land with the most occupied area are the regions destinated to the agriculture and cattle activities and which are related to the producers of different levels of technology who try to combine a series of productive systems, aiming the diversity of the natural resources. In addition, it was possible to observe that, unlike other regions in the Amazon, the areas of secondary vegetation presented a high growth in the analyzed time period. Finally it is noticed that the culture of grains was implemented, mostly, in areas that were altered and used for pasture, secondary vegetation and agriculture and livestock activities (related to small and medium producers), having been converted a total of 435 km2 of forest from the year of 1999 to 2004, representing 8% of the total planted area in that year. Although we notice a smaller impact in the environmental context, the direct conversion of the agriculture and livestock class into the grain plantation seems to indicate a process of land concentration and migration of smallholder farmers to the urban areas and/ or new fronts of occupation. This social impact, already observed in Santarém suburbs, should be object of study for the government, mainly concerning the elaboration and implementation of a specific agricultural politics for the Amazon and should enable the smallholder farmer the maintenance of his land and food production

A Amazônia pode se tornar uma grande região de pecuária bovina sustentável?

A biblioteca possui o trabalho completo, copiado de CD-ROM (SP 4937

THE STUDY OF A MAJOR 2008 SUBSTATION INCIDENT IN THE EPS OF CRETE

Predmet članka je veliki kvar u elektroenergetskom sustavu Krete koji je za posljedicu imao veliku štetu na TS Iraklio 3 ( ). Problem je počeo zbog kvara na srednjem naponu u transformatorskoj stanici. Kvar nije uklonjen zbog istodobnog uništenja zaštite i kontrolnih strujnih krugova što je rezultiralo velikim strujama kratkog spoja tijekom 16 minuta, požarima na opremi i velikom štetom na visokom naponu, srednjem naponu kao i uređajima istosmjerne struje u transformatorskoj stanici, uz znatnu redukciju opterećenja. Članak počinje procjenom stanja elektroenergetskog sustava u trenutku nastanka kvara. Potom slijedi opis slijeda događaja tog kvara. Podrobno se opisuju proizašle mjere koje uključuju ponovnu uspostavu normalne opskrbe energijom, djelomičan povratak u pogon kao i konačan dovršetak popravaka na objektu transformatorske stanice. Predstavljena je analiza kvara. Doneseni su zaključci od praktične važnosti kao i preporuke u odnosu na poboljšanja u hardverskom i zaštitnom sustavu i dostupnoj tehničkoj potpori, koje mogu biti presudne za izbjegavanje i/ili ograničavanje štete kod budućih kvarova.A major incident in the Electric Power System (EPS) of Crete resulting in extensive damages in the SS Iraklio 3, is studied. The accident originated from a medium voltage fault at the substation. This fault was not cleared due to the coincident destruction of the protection and control circuits resulting in large short-circuit currents for 16 minutes, fires of materiel and extensive damage in high voltage, medium voltage as well as DC voltage hardware of the substation in addition to significant loss of load. This paper begins with an assessment of the power system condition at the time of the incident. Then the sequence of events for this accident will be described. The ensuing measures that include the restoration of interrupted power supply, the partial return to service as well as the final completion of repairs at the substation facility are detailed. The analysis of the incident is presented. Conclusions of practical importance are drawn as well as recommendations regarding improvements in hardware and protection system and in the available technical support that can be crucial in avoiding and/or limiting damage in future incidents

Analysis of Circulating Haemocytes from Biomphalaria glabrata following Angiostrongylus vasorum Infection Using Flow Cytometry

Angiostrongylus vasorum is an emerging parasite of dogs and related to carnivores that have an indirect life cycle, with a wide range of terrestrial and aquatic gastropods as the obligatory intermediate host. Unfortunately, the relationship between A. vasorum and their snail hosts remains poorly understood. Circulating haemocytes are the main line of cellular defence involved in the destruction of helminths in snails. Aiming to further characterize the haemocyte subsets in Biomphalaria snails, we have performed a flow cytometric analysis of whole haemolymph cellular components using a multiparametric dual colour labelling procedure. Our findings demonstrated that B. glabrata infected with A. vasorum have two major circulating haemocyte subsets, referred to as small and large haemocytes. Differences in the cell proportion occurred over time. The development of better invertebrate infection control strategies would certainly result in the better control of human diseases caused by other species of the genus Angiostrongylus. Such knowledge will assist in the establishment of novel control strategies aimed at parasites that use molluscs as intermediate hosts and clarify new aspects of the parasite-host relationship regarding cell recognition and activation mechanisms, which are also found in the innate response of vertebrates

Les déterminants de l'expansion de l'élevage bovin en Amazonie Orientale : conséquences pour les politiques publiques.

L’expansion de l’élevage bovin est la première source de déforestation en Amazonie brésilienne. Un des objectifs du projet de recherche « Cattle ranching, land use and deforestation in Brazil, Peru and Ecuador » coordonné par l’université de Floride a été de mieux comprendre l’ensemble des déterminants agroécologiques et socio-économiques à l’origine de cette avancée de la frontière de l’élevage. Cette article présente le cas de l’Amazonie orientale au Brésil. Dans cette région, l’existence de marchés pour les produits de l’élevage, la sécurité des revenus de cette activité, la tradition et l’expérience des migrants et des conditions agroécologiques et d’accès à la technologie favorables sont systématiquement cités comme déterminants du choix de l’élevage bovin. Les résultats permettent de réfléchir à de nouvelles pistes pour les politiques publiques visant à promouvoir un développement durable en Amazoni

Determinantes da expansão da pecuária na Amazônia oriental: conseqüências para as políticas públicas.

A expansão da pecuária bovina é a primeira causa de desmatamento na Amazônia Brasileira. Durante um projeto de pesquisa financiado pela National Science Foundation dos Estados Unidos, uma nova metodologia foi aplicada ao estudo de várias frentes de colonização para entender melhor o conjunto de fatores agroecológicos e socioeconômicos presentes na origem da expansão da pecuária na Amazônia. Este artigo apresenta os resultados no contexto da Amazônia Oriental (Estado do Pará). A metodologia é baseada na seleção de informantes-chave, em vários contextos críticos representativos da diversidade das frentes de colonização, que participam de entrevistas semi-abertas, realizadas por uma equipe multidisciplinar de pesquisadores. A análise dos resultados permite propor sugestões para políticas públicas voltadas à promoção do desenvolvimento sustentável na Amazônia

HIV and Vertebral Fractures: a Systematic Review and Metanalysis.

The survival of HIV-infected patients has increased with the advent of antiretroviral therapy with the emergence of new comorbidities. Vertebral fracture is a manifestation of reduced bone strength and osteoporosis. This study aims to assess the frequency of spine fractures in HIV-positive men and women aged over 18 years. We performed a systematic review of randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, cross-sectional studies, and case-control studies. Studies that evaluated morphometric and/or clinical vertebral fracture were included. In total 488 studies were found, of which 53 had their full texts evaluated. A total of 85,411 HIV positive individuals were identified in 26 studies. The meta-analysis of the prevalence of vertebral fractures included 12 studies with 10,593 subjects. The prevalence was 11.1% [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 4.5%, 25.0%, I2 98.2% p < 0.00001]. When we evaluated independently studies of clinical vertebral fracture and morphometric vertebral fracture, the prevalence was 3.9% (95% CI 0.9, 15.8, I2 96.4% p < 0.00001) and 20.2% (95% CI 15.7%, 25.6%, I2 69.9% p = 0.003) respectively. HIV-infected individuals had an odds ratio of vertebral fractures of 2.3 (95% CI 1.37, 3.85, I2 98.2% p < 0.00001) when compared with HIV-uninfected patients (n = 9 studies). In conclusion, HIV-positive subjects had a higher risk of vertebral fractures when compared with HIV-negative subjects