Primary Particle Type of the Most Energetic Fly's Eye Air Shower

The longitudinal profile of the most energetic cosmic-ray air shower measured so far, the event recorded by the Fly's Eye detector with a reconstructed primary energy of about 320 EeV, is compared to simulated shower profiles. The calculations are performed with the CORSIKA code and include primary photons and different hadron primaries. For primary photons, preshower formation in the geomagnetic field is additionally treated in detail. For primary hadrons, the hadronic interaction models QGSJET01 and SIBYLL2.1 have been employed. The predicted longitudinal profiles are compared to the observation. A method for testing the hypothesis of a specific primary particle type against the measured profile is described which naturally takes shower fluctuations into account. The Fly's Eye event is compatible with any assumption of a hadron primary between proton and iron nuclei in both interaction models, although differences between QGSJET01 and SIBYLL2.1 in the predicted profiles of lighter nuclei exist. The primary photon profiles differ from the data on a level of ~1.5 sigma. Although not favoured by the observation, the primary photon hypothesis can not be rejected for this particular event.Comment: 20 pages, 8 figures; v2 matches version accepted by Astroparticle Physic

Optical-inertia space sextant for an advanced space navigation system, phase B

Optical-inertia space sextant for advanced space navigation syste

Symmetries of modules of differential operators

Let ${\cal F}\_\lambda(S^1)$ be the space of tensor densities of degree (or weight) $\lambda$ on the circle $S^1$. The space ${\cal D}^k\_{\lambda,\mu}(S^1)$ of $k$-th order linear differential operators from ${\cal F}\_\lambda(S^1)$ to ${\cal F}\_\mu(S^1)$ is a natural module over $\mathrm{Diff}(S^1)$, the diffeomorphism group of $S^1$. We determine the algebra of symmetries of the modules ${\cal D}^k\_{\lambda,\mu}(S^1)$, i.e., the linear maps on ${\cal D}^k\_{\lambda,\mu}(S^1)$ commuting with the $\mathrm{Diff}(S^1)$-action. We also solve the same problem in the case of straight line $\mathbb{R}$ (instead of $S^1$) and compare the results in the compact and non-compact cases.Comment: 29 pages, LaTeX, 4 figure

COMORBIDITY OF SUBSTANCE USE AND MENTAL DISORDERS

Introduction: Comorbidity is a term defined as the presence of two or more conditions occurring either at the same time or having a close relationship to the same individual. World Health Organization (WHO) define it as the “co-occurrence in the same individual of a psychoactive substance use disorder and another psychiatric disorder”. Progressive deinstitutionalisation, despite indisputable benefits and improvement of life quality in psychiatric patients, resulted in appearance of new burdens, such as deterioration of family life. Furthermore, wide availability of alcoholic beverages and drugs in communities where the patients live, led comorbid substance abuse disorders to emerge as one of the biggest challenges in the modern psychiatry. There is a limited amount of data concerning the background of the patients with a dual diagnosis, available in the literature, and therefore our aim was to create a sociodemographic profile of such individuals. Materials and methods: The study was conducted among the patients treated in a drug rehabilitation centre of the Upper Silesian Association “Familia” in Gliwice, Poland using authors’ own questionnaire, consisting of 75 items. The study group consisted of 9 females and 91 males (n=100), average age of the patients equalled 29.7 years (95%CI: 28.5-31 years; min/max value: 20/48 years), all the patients had an established dual diagnosis. Outcomes: 66% of the study group was single, with permanent residency, living with family either in city (47%) or in village (19%). Remaining 34% was spread through the other options (1-4%), with the highest percentage in “single, with permanent residency, living alone in the city” (4%). Conclusions: Obtained data, demonstrated high homogeneity among the patients with a dual diagnosis in terms of a sociodemographical profile

COMORBIDITY OF SUBSTANCE USE AND MENTAL DISORDERS

Introduction: Comorbidity is a term defined as the presence of two or more conditions occurring either at the same time or having a close relationship to the same individual. World Health Organization (WHO) define it as the “co-occurrence in the same individual of a psychoactive substance use disorder and another psychiatric disorder”. Progressive deinstitutionalisation, despite indisputable benefits and improvement of life quality in psychiatric patients, resulted in appearance of new burdens, such as deterioration of family life. Furthermore, wide availability of alcoholic beverages and drugs in communities where the patients live, led comorbid substance abuse disorders to emerge as one of the biggest challenges in the modern psychiatry. There is a limited amount of data concerning the background of the patients with a dual diagnosis, available in the literature, and therefore our aim was to create a sociodemographic profile of such individuals. Materials and methods: The study was conducted among the patients treated in a drug rehabilitation centre of the Upper Silesian Association “Familia” in Gliwice, Poland using authors’ own questionnaire, consisting of 75 items. The study group consisted of 9 females and 91 males (n=100), average age of the patients equalled 29.7 years (95%CI: 28.5-31 years; min/max value: 20/48 years), all the patients had an established dual diagnosis. Outcomes: 66% of the study group was single, with permanent residency, living with family either in city (47%) or in village (19%). Remaining 34% was spread through the other options (1-4%), with the highest percentage in “single, with permanent residency, living alone in the city” (4%). Conclusions: Obtained data, demonstrated high homogeneity among the patients with a dual diagnosis in terms of a sociodemographical profile