Winter Time Concentrations and Size Distribution of Bioaerosols in Different Residential Settings in the UK

The total concentration and size distribution of bioaerosols in three different types of housing (single room in shared accommodation [type I], single bedroom flat in three-storey building [type II] and two- or threebedroom detached houses [type III]) was assessed during the winter. This research was an extension of a previous study carried out in the summer. The measurement campaign was undertaken in winter 2008 and 30 houses were sampled. Samples were taken from kitchens, living rooms, corridors (only in housing type I) and outdoors with an Anderson 6 stage viable impactor. In housing type I, the total geometric mean concentration was highest in the corridor for both bacteria and fungi (3,171 and 1,281 CFU/m3, respectively). In type II residences, both culturable bacteria and fungi were greatest in the living rooms (3,487 and 833 CFU/m3, respectively). The living rooms in type III residences had largest number of culturable bacteria (1,361 CFU/m3) while fungi were highest in kitchens (280 CFU/m3). The concentrations of culturable bacteria and fungi were greater in mouldy houses than non-mouldy houses. A considerable variation was seen in the size distribution of culturable bacteria in type I residences compared to types II and III. For all housing types more than half of culturable bacterial and fungal aerosol were respirable (<4.7 μm) and so have the potential to penetrate into lower respiratory system. Considerable variation in concentration and size distribution within different housing types in the same geographical region highlights the impact of differences in design, construction, use and management of residential built environment on bioaerosols levels and consequent varied risk of population exposure to airborne biological agents. © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012

Hepatitis zorg beter regionaal organiseren.

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Screening and prevention of infectious diseases in newly arrived migrants. Integrating hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV screening into tuberculosis entry screening for migrants in the Netherlands, 2013 to 2015

Contains fulltext : 190138.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access

Autochthonous Human Case of Seoul Virus Infection, the Netherlands

Orthohantaviruses are a group of rodentborne viruses with a worldwide distribution. The orthohantavirus Seoul virus (SEOV) can cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in humans and is distributed worldwide, like its reservoir host, the rat. Cases of SEOV in wild and pet rats have been described in several countries, and human cases have been reported in the United Kingdom, France, Canada, and the United States. In the Netherlands, SEOV has previously been found in wild brown rats. We describe an autochthonous human case of SEOV infection in the Netherlands. This patient had nonspecific clinical symptoms of an orthohantavirus infection (gastrointestinal symptoms and distinct elevation of liver enzymes). Subsequent source investigation revealed 2 potential sources, the patient's feeder rats and a feeder rat farm. At both sources, a high prevalence of SEOV was found in the rats. The virus closely resembled the Cherwell and Turckheim SEOV strains that were previously found in Europe

Guidance document on leptospirosis in relation to swimming in surface waters

Leptospirose is een verzamelnaam voor verschillende ziekten die worden veroorzaakt door Leptospira-bacteriën, zoals modderkoorts of de ziekte van Weil. Deze bacteriën kunnen met de urine van de bruine rat in het oppervlaktewater terechtkomen. Mensen kunnen hier ziek van worden door bijvoorbeeld in of rond oppervlaktewater te recreëren. In Nederland komt het erg weinig voor dat mensen leptospirose krijgen door te zwemmen in oppervlaktewater. Áls het gebeurt, is het niet altijd duidelijk wie waarvoor verantwoordelijk is en actie moet ondernemen. Ook hebben de betrokken overheden vaak vragen over te nemen maatregelen en de wetten en regels. Daarom heeft het RIVM met betrokken partijen een handreiking gemaakt die informatie geeft over leptospirose, wetgeving en welke acties en maatregelen mogelijk zijn. Het is niet bekend van welke hoeveelheid Leptospira-bacteriën in zwemwater mensen ziek kunnen worden. De handreiking beschrijft daarom drie scenario’s om maatregelen te nemen na (mogelijke) besmettingen: als het gerucht gaat dat er iemand op een zwemlocatie is besmet, als er één persoon is besmet, en als er meerdere personen zijn besmet. Zwemwaterbeheerders kunnen uitzoeken of op een zwemlocatie risico’s door ratten te verwachten zijn. Zij kunnen hiervoor, naast het verplichte zwemwaterprofiel, een zogeheten plaagdier risico-inventarisatie laten opstellen. Zo kunnen ze te weten komen of maatregelen nodig zijn. Er zijn twee soorten maatregelen mogelijk om besmettingen op een zwemlocatie te voorkomen: ratten bestrijden en zwemmers informeren. Goede informatie voor de zwemmers kan ervoor zorgen dat er geen besmettingen optreden. Zwemmers moeten op hun gedrag worden gewezen. Ze moeten bijvoorbeeld geen afval achterlaten op een zwemlocatie, want dat trekt ratten aan. En als ze een wondje hebben, kunnen ze beter niet in het water gaan. Ze kunnen namelijk besmet raken doordat hun slijmvliezen of wondjes in de huid in contact komen met oppervlaktewater waarin Leptospira-bacteriën zitten.Leptospirosis is an umbrella term for a variety of conditions caused by Leptospira bacteria, such as fever and Weil's disease. These bacteria can end up in surface water with the urine of brown rats. People can contract the disease during recreational activities in or around surface water. In the Netherlands, very few people get leptospirosis from swimming in surface water. If this does happen, it is not always clear who is responsible and who should take action. In addition, the authorities involved are often uncertain about what the rules are and what measures to take. This is why RIVM and a number of parties involved have drawn up a guidance document with information about leptospirosis, the relevant laws and regulations and possible measures. It is not known how much Leptospira bacteria in bathing water can make people ill. For that reason, the guidance document describes three scenarios for measures following a (possible) infection: when a person is thought to have been infected at a particular bathing site, when one person has been infected and when several persons have been infected. Bathing water managers can then find out whether a particular bathing site poses a risk of infection by rats. They can commission a pest risk inventory for that site, in addition to the obligatory bathing water profile. This will tell them whether any measures are required. Infections at bathing sites can be prevented in two ways: by controlling rat populations and by informing swimmers. Good information for swimmers can help to prevent infections. Swimmers need to be made aware of their own behaviour. For example, they should not leave any litter at bathing sites, to avoid attracting rats. And even with a small wound it is better not to go into the water. Swimmers can get infected when mucous membranes or small cuts in the skin come into contact with surface water that contains Leptospira bacteria