Egy inváziós faj, a Solidago gigantea Aiton által kolonizált mocsárrétek diverzitása és fajkompozíciós koordináltsága

Számos vizsgálat történt korábban a Solidago gigantea Aiton elterjedtségével, ökológiai és növényélettani tulajdonságaival kapcsolatban, azonban a faj inváziójának cönológiai következményei kevéssé ismertek. Mocsárréti társulások diverzitását és belső koordináltságát hasonlítottuk össze, magas aranyvesszővel különböző mértékben fertőzött területeken. Hat, eltérő mértékben kolonizált gyepterületet vizsgáltunk, melyek közül kettő referenciaterületként is szolgált. Állományonként 8‒8 db 5 m hosszú transzszektet mintavételeztünk. Ezek mentén 100 db egymást érő 5 cm × 5 cm-es mikrokvadrátban rögzítettük a fajok jelenlétét. Az állományok belső szervezettségét és koordináltságát a diverzitás és az egyenletesség állományon belüli szóródásával (CV%) és a mintavételi egységek állományon belüli átlagos cönológiai hasonlóságával jellemeztük. A S. gigantea gyakorisága jelentősen különbözött a mintaterületeken, és mennyiségének növekedésével összefüggésben változtak az állományok cönológiai jellemzői: csökkent a diverzitás és a koordináltság. Különböző cönológiai jellemzőket összehasonlítva megállapítható, hogy az átlagos viselkedést kifejező alfa diverzitás és egyenletesség kevésbé érzékenyen mutatják az inváziós faj okozta degradációt, mint e jellemzők béta diverzitást is jelentő relatív szórása (CV%). Eredményeink szerint a cönológiai koordináltság állományon belüli változása (jelen esetben csökkenése) egyszerűen mérhető és jó indikátora az inváziós faj okozta cönológiai változásoknak

Lessons on fruiting body morphogenesis from genomes and transcriptomes of Agaricomycetes.

Fruiting bodies (sporocarps, sporophores or basidiomata) of mushroom-forming fungi ( Agaricomycetes) are among the most complex structures produced by fungi. Unlike vegetative hyphae, fruiting bodies grow determinately and follow a genetically encoded developmental program that orchestrates their growth, tissue differentiation and sexual sporulation. In spite of more than a century of research, our understanding of the molecular details of fruiting body morphogenesis is still limited and a general synthesis on the genetics of this complex process is lacking. In this paper, we aim at a comprehensive identification of conserved genes related to fruiting body morphogenesis and distil novel functional hypotheses for functionally poorly characterised ones. As a result of this analysis, we report 921 conserved developmentally expressed gene families, only a few dozens of which have previously been reported to be involved in fruiting body development. Based on literature data, conserved expression patterns and functional annotations, we provide hypotheses on the potential role of these gene families in fruiting body development, yielding the most complete description of molecular processes in fruiting body morphogenesis to date. We discuss genes related to the initiation of fruiting, differentiation, growth, cell surface and cell wall, defence, transcriptional regulation as well as signal transduction. Based on these data we derive a general model of fruiting body development, which includes an early, proliferative phase that is mostly concerned with laying out the mushroom body plan (via cell division and differentiation), and a second phase of growth via cell expansion as well as meiotic events and sporulation. Altogether, our discussions cover 1 480 genes of Coprinopsis cinerea, and their orthologs in Agaricus bisporus, Cyclocybe aegerita, Armillaria ostoyae, Auriculariopsis ampla, Laccaria bicolor, Lentinula edodes, Lentinus tigrinus, Mycena kentingensis, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Schizophyllum commune, providing functional hypotheses for ~10 % of genes in the genomes of these species. Although experimental evidence for the role of these genes will need to be established in the future, our data provide a roadmap for guiding functional analyses of fruiting related genes in the Agaricomycetes. We anticipate that the gene compendium presented here, combined with developments in functional genomics approaches will contribute to uncovering the genetic bases of one of the most spectacular multicellular developmental processes in fungi. Citation: Nagy LG, Vonk PJ, Künzler M, Földi C, Virágh M, Ohm RA, Hennicke F, Bálint B, Csernetics Á, Hegedüs B, Hou Z, Liu XB, Nan S, M. Pareek M, Sahu N, Szathmári B, Varga T, Wu W, Yang X, Merényi Z (2023). Lessons on fruiting body morphogenesis from genomes and transcriptomes of Agaricomycetes. Studies in Mycology 104: 1-85. doi: 10.3114/sim.2022.104.01

Lessons on fruiting body morphogenesis from genomes and transcriptomes of Agaricomycetes

Fruiting bodies (sporocarps, sporophores or basidiomata) of mushroom-forming fungi (Agaricomycetes) are among the most complex structures produced by fungi. Unlike vegetative hyphae, fruiting bodies grow determinately and follow a genetically encoded developmental program that orchestrates their growth, tissue differentiation and sexual sporulation. In spite of more than a century of research, our understanding of the molecular details of fruiting body morphogenesis is still limited and a general synthesis on the genetics of this complex process is lacking. In this paper, we aim at a comprehensive identification of conserved genes related to fruiting body morphogenesis and distil novel functional hypotheses for functionally poorly characterised ones. As a result of this analysis, we report 921 conserved developmentally expressed gene families, only a few dozens of which have previously been reported to be involved in fruiting body development. Based on literature data, conserved expression patterns and functional annotations, we provide hypotheses on the potential role of these gene families in fruiting body development, yielding the most complete description of molecular processes in fruiting body morphogenesis to date. We discuss genes related to the initiation of fruiting, differentiation, growth, cell surface and cell wall, defence, transcriptional regulation as well as signal transduction. Based on these data we derive a general model of fruiting body development, which includes an early, proliferative phase that is mostly concerned with laying out the mushroom body plan (via cell division and differentiation), and a second phase of growth via cell expansion as well as meiotic events and sporulation. Altogether, our discussions cover 1 480 genes of Coprinopsis cinerea, and their orthologs in Agaricus bisporus, chrysosporium, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Schizophyllum commune, providing functional hypotheses for similar to 10 % of genes in the genomes of these species. Although experimental evidence for the role of these genes will need to be established in the future, our data provide a roadmap for guiding functional analyses of fruiting related genes in the Agaricomycetes. We anticipate that the gene compendium presented here, combined with developments in functional genomics approaches will contribute to uncovering the genetic bases of one of the most spectacular multicellular developmental processes in fungi

Information Security and Risk Analysis in Companies of Agriresort

Information and communication technologies are a tool to streamline production, and therefore they must be properly secured. The article is aimed at solving security and protection of agribusiness ICT. For a more detailed analysis of this issue there has been carried out a research. Its partial results were submitted to statistical analysis and are presented in the following article. The basic prerequisite for the implementation of any safety measures is the risk analysis when properly conducted it enables the effective implementation of safety measures and the corresponding potential threats and protected values of organization. The main aim of this paper is to assess the impact of particular forms of ICTs on protection, determination of the possible impact of the implementation of the risk and threat analysis for the enterprise

In vitro interactions of amantadine hydrochloride, R-(-)-deprenyl hydrochloride and valproic acid sodium salt with antifungal agents against filamentous fungal species causing central nervous system infection

The mortality rates of fungal infections that affect the central nervous system are high in consequence of the absence of effective antifungal drugs with good penetration across the blood-brain barrier and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. In the present work in vitro antifungal activities of three good penetrating non-antifungal drugs (amantadine hydrochloride, R-(-)-deprenyl hydrochloride, valproic acid sodium salt) and their combinations with three antifungal agents (amphotericin B, itraconazole, terbinafine) were tested with broth microdilution method against eight fungal isolates belonging to Zygomycetes (Lichtheimia corymbifera, Rhizomucor miehei, Rhizopus microsporus var. rhizopodiformis, Saksenaeavasiformis) and Aspergillus genus (A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A. nidulans, A. terreus). These are known to be possible agents of central nervous fungal infections (CNFI). When used alone, the investigated nonantifungal drugs exerted slight antifungal effects. In their combinations with antifungal agents they acted antagonistically, additively and synergistically against zygomyceteous isolates. Primarily antagonistic interactions were revealed between the investigated drugs in case of Aspergilli, but additive and synergistic interactions were also observed. The additive and synergistic combinations allowed the usage of reduced concentrations of antifungal agents to inhibit the fungal growth in our study. These combinations would be a basis of an effective, less toxic therapy for treatment of CNFI