Standardization as emerging content in technology education at all levels of education

Integration of standardization into different levels of technology education has surfaced as a critical issue for educational practitioners and policy makers at national and regional (APEC, EU) level. In this paper, we describe and analyze empirical data collected from 118 educational experiences and practices about technology standards and standardization in 21 countries of a regional variety. Specifically, this research examines standardization education programs these countries have implemented, and explores suggestive indications for the design and development of an educational policy for standardization. Online surveys, offline interviews, face-to-face meetings and case studies have been used to determine the way these standardization education programs are segmented and implemented in different contexts. The findings are consolidated into a framework for standardization education. The framework presents an applicable combination of target groups (who), appropriate learning objectives (why), probable program operators (where), prospective contents modules (what), and preferred teaching methods (how). This framework may contribute to planning and implementing more inclusive standardization education programs

Estimation of Mobilised Cohesion Around Underground Openings

Based on the field data obtained from 12 Indian and several NGI case histories, a semi-empirical relation has been proposed in this paper for & termination of “mobilised” cohesion around underground openings. It has been found that mobilisation of cohesion takes place at higher values around underground openings than the values previously suggested and the values obtained from block shear tests. A strength enhancement factor has been suggested which is to be multiplied with the cohesion parameter obtained from block shear tests for practical application. This apparent strength enhancement may be attributed to anisotropy in strength, statistical variation in strength and confining conditions around tunnels