Linkage of Regional Models

For several years the activities of the Regional Development Task at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) have been directed towards the development of a system of regional models, the elements of which were elaborated over. the period 1977-1979. The final stage of the work, which involves the coordination of these individually developed models, is now nearing completion. However, before this system can become fully operational, three major problems have to be overcome. They concern the modeling approach, level of aggregation, and method of coordination to be used. The linkage problem is examined in this paper

Economic Structural Changes Analysis by Means of Mathematical Flow Models

Most of the formal methods using mathematical modeling to analyze socioeconomic phenomena are based on the assumption that the models describe these phenomena with sufficient accuracy and completeness. However, in many cases it is not possible to build mathematical models with the required properties and the user must spend a lot of effort verifying the practical applicability of the solutions obtained by standard schemes. This report describes an approach whereby it is possible to use incomplete mathematical models to produce logically correct results. But this is achieved at the expense of the insolubility of standard statements of the problems and the development of special software

Cardiofaciocutaneus syndrome: literature review and case report

The cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome is a condition of sporadic occurrence, with patients showing multiple congenital anomalies and mental retardation. The syndrome is caused by molecular disturbances in the RAS/MAPK pathway. We report on the girl, 9 year-old, with the cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome presenting with typical craniofacial appearance, heart defects, ectodermal abnormalities, neglected orthopedic pathology, developmental delay and spasticity, which rare in this syndrome

Сердечно-кожно-лицевой синдром: обзор литературы и описание клинического случая

The cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome is a condition of sporadic occurrence, with patients showing multiple congenital anomalies and mental retardation. The syndrome is caused by molecular disturbances in the RAS/MAPK pathway. We report on the girl, 9 year-old, with the cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome presenting with typical craniofacial appearance, heart defects, ectodermal abnormalities, neglected orthopedic pathology, developmental delay and spasticity, which rare in this syndrome.Сердечно-кожно-лицевой синдром возникает спорадически, проявляется множественными пороками развития и умственной отсталостью. Причиной развития данного синдрома являются молекулярные нарушения в каскаде RAS/MAPK-сигнального пути. Представляем клиническое наблюдение девочки 9 лет с характерными для сердечно-кожно-лицевого синдрома черепно-лицевыми нарушениями, пороком сердца, эктодермальными аномалиями, грубой ортопедической патологией, задержкой психомоторного развития и спастикой, редко встречающейся при данном синдроме

An approach to distributed modeling

The problem of computer linkage of different mathematical models into a whole system in order to investigate their joint behavior with more common criteria and constraints seems to receive more and more consideration. Many works on analyzing the behavior of complex systems are based on building large-scale integrated models and sequentials using decomposition and aggregation procedures. In this article an approach is described which permits the investigation of a set of linked subsystems without explicitly building any integrated model. This article represents a description of a particular approach which might be referred to as "distributed modeling". It deals with conceptual systems in general, which might be used to model concrete systems at any level. The use of the method is illustrated by the practical application of the development of a system of regional models. This approach, based on the smooth version of the sequential unconstrained minimization techniques (SUMT), can be considered from a mathematical point of view as realization of the general decomposition scene

Modeling of electron cyclotron resonance acceleration in a stationary inhomogeneous magnetic field

In this paper, the cyclotron autoresonance acceleration of electrons in a stationary inhomogeneous magnetic field is studied. The trajectory and energy of electrons are found through a numerical solution of the relativistic Newton-Lorentz equation by a finite difference method. The electrons move along a TE_{112} cylinder cavity in a steady-state magnetic field whose axis coincides with the cavity axis. The magnetic field profile is such that it keeps the phase difference between the electric microwave field and the electron velocity vector within the acceleration phase band. The microwaves amplitude of 6  kV/cm is used for numerical calculations. It is shown that an electron with an initial longitudinal energy of 8 keV can be accelerated up to 260 keV by 2.45 GHz microwaves at a distance of 17 cm

Simulation of plasma confinement in an electron cyclotron resonance zero-B trap

Currently the study of the nonlinear plasma evolution in magnetostatic fields of complex asymmetrical configurations is possible only through computer simulations. The confinement efficiency of plasma by a magnetic zero-B trap which is comprised of longitudinal mirror and transversal hexapole cusp fields is determined through a particle-in-cell method in the electrostatic approximation. In the simulation model the plasma heating by 14 GHz microwave power is realized at electron cyclotron resonance conditions. The space localizations of electron and ion components are visualized. It is found that the plasma electron population can be subdivides into cold, hot and superhot groups. The obtained data for the ion density distribution along radial and longitudinal trap directions are compared with the same distributions calculated for the case of minimum-B trap. It is found that the zero-B trap has some advantage over the minimum-B trap in reference to the Lawson criterion