Review of \u3cem\u3ePolitics and the Class Divide: Working People and the Middle Class Left.\u3c/em\u3e David Croteau. Reviewed by Charles M. Tolbert, Louisiana State University

David Croteau, Politics and the Class Divide: Working People and the Middle Class Left. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995. $49.95 hardcover,$19.95 papercover

Review of \u3cem\u3eThe New Middle Classes: Life Styles, Status Claims and Political Orientations.\u3c/em\u3e Arthur J. Vidich (Ed.) Both books reviewed by Charles M. Tolbert, Louisiana State University

Arthur J. Vidich (Ed.), The New Middle Classes: Life Styles, Status Claims and Political Orientations. New York: New York University Press, 1995. $50.00 hardcover,$17.50 papercover

Heterogeneous chemistry related to Antarctic ozone depletion: Reaction of ClONO2 and N2O5 on ice surfaces

Laboratory studies of heterogeneous reactions of possible importance for Antarctic ozone depletion were performed. In particular, the reactions of chlorine nitrate (ClONO2) and dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) were investigated on ice and HCl/ice surfaces. These reactions occur on the surfaces of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) over Antarctica. One reaction transforms the stable chlorine reservoir species (ClONO2 and HCl) into photochemically active chlorine in the form of HOCl and Cl2. Condensation of HNO3 in the reactions removes odd nitrogen from the stratosphere, a requirement in nearly all models of Antarctic ozone depletion. Other reactions may also be important for Antarctic ozone depletion. Like the reactions of chlorine nitrate, these reactions deplete odd nitrogen through HNO3 condensation. In addition, one reaction converts a stable chlorine reservior species (HCl) into photochemically active chlorine (ClNO2). These reactions were studied with a modified version of a Knudsen cell flow reactor

Selection of Solar Simulator for Solar Dynamic Ground Test

The 2 kWe Solar Dynamic (SD) Ground Test Demonstration (GTD) experiment will be conducted in 1995 at NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC). This solar dynamic power system test will be conducted in a simulated space environment and will require an artificial sun. To address the solar simulator requirements for the GTD, Arnold Engineering Development Center (AEDC) was hired under contract to review and visit four existing solar simulator facilities. The four facilities included, AEDC's Mark 1 Chamber, NASA-JSC Chamber A, AEDC's 12V Chamber, and NASA-JPL Space Simulator Chamber. Two design concepts were considered following several months of evaluating existing solar simulator facilities throughout the United States. To satisfy system requirements for the SD GTD experiment the solar simulator needs to provide a uniform light flux to the SD concentrator, provide the light within a subtense angle of one degree, and provide an intensity of one solar constant (1.37 kW/sq m) at airmass zero. Most solar simulators are designed for supplying heat loads to spacecraft where a cone angle as large as 3 degrees is acceptable. It was also concluded that a solar simulator, such like these considered in the AEDC study, would require major facility modifications for NASA LeRC and result in significant impacts to the program. The advanced solar simulator concept developed by NASA LeRC will meet the system requirements for the SD GTD experiment Since SD GTD solar simulator requirements could not be addressed by existing simulator, an advanced concept was considered

The 1980 solar maximum mission event listing

Information is contained on solar burst and transient activity observed by the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM) during 1980 pointed observations. Data from the following SMM experiments are included: (1) Gamma Ray Spectrometer, (2) Hard X-Ray Burst Spectrometer, (3) Hard X-Ray Imaging Spectrometer, (4) Flat Crystal Spectrometer, (5) Bent Crystal Spectrometer, (6) Ultraviolet Spectrometer and Polarimeter, and (7) Coronagraph/Polarimeter. Correlative optical, radio, and Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) x ray data are also presented. Where possible, bursts or transients observed in the various wavelengths were grouped into discrete flare events identified by unique event numbers. Each event carries a qualifier denoting the quality or completeness of the observations. Spacecraft pointing coordinates and flare site angular displacement values from Sun center are also included

Multiple load-source integration in a multilevel modular capacitor clamped DC-DC converter featuring fault tolerant capability

Journal ArticleAbstract-A multilevel modular capacitor clamped dc-dc converter (MMCCC) will be presented in this paper with some of its advantageous features. By virtue of the modular nature of the converter, it is possible to integrate multiple loads and sources to the converter at the same time. The modular construction of the MMCCC topology provides transformer like taps in the circuit, and depending on the conversion ratio of the converter, it becomes possible to connect several dc sources and loads at these taps. The modularity of the new converter is not limited to this transformer like operation, but also provides redundancy and fault bypass capability in the circuit. Using the modularity feature, some redundant modules can be operated in bypass state, and during any fault, these redundant modules can be used to replace a faulty module to maintain an uninterrupted operation. Thus, this MMCCC topology could be a solution to establish a power management system among multiple sources and loads having different operating voltages

Hybrid electric vehicle power management solutions based on isolated and nonisolated configurations of multilevel modular capacitor-clamped converter

Journal ArticleAbstract-This paper presents the various configurations of a multilevel modular capacitor-clamped converter (MMCCC), and it reveals many useful and new formations of the original MMCCC for transferring power in either an isolated or nonisolated manner. The various features of the original MMCCC circuit are best suited for a multibus system in future plug-in hybrid or fuel-cell-powered vehicles' drive train. The original MMCCC is capable of bidirectional power transfer using multilevel modular structure with capacitor-clamped topology. It has a nonisolated structure, and it offers very high efficiency even at partial loads. This circuit was modified to integrate single or multiple high-frequency transformers by using the intermediate voltage nodes of the converter. On the other hand, a special formation of the MMCCC can exhibit dc outputs offering limited isolation without using any isolation transformer. This modified version can produce a high conversion ratio from a limited number of components and has several useful applications in providing power to multiple low-voltage loads in a hybrid or electric automobile. This paper will investigate the origin of generating ac outputs from the MMCCC and shows how the transformer-free version can be modified to create limited isolation from the circuit. In addition, this paper will compare various modified forms of the MMCCC topology with existing dc-dc converter circuits from compactness and component utilization perspectives

Universal multilevel DC-DC converter with variable conversion ratio, high compactness factor and limited isolation feature

Journal ArticleA multilevel dc-dc converter with programmable conversion ratio (CR) is presented in this paper. This converter is a modified version of the MMCCC converter. A universal version of the MMCCC is developed in this paper, and the CR can be easily changed within a wide range. The MMCCC converter is based on capacitor-clamped topology, and the conversion ratio of the circuit depends on the number of active modules. However, like any other capacitor-clamped circuit, the MMCCC circuit requires a large number of transistors and capacitors to attain a high conversion ratio (CR). In this paper, a new circuit module will be introduced that can be connected in a cascade pattern to form the new converter. By using the new modular cell, it is possible to attain very high conversion ratio using a limited number of components, and thus more compactness compared to the predecessor MMCCC circuit can be achieved

Multilevel modular capacitor clamped DC-DC converter

Journal ArticleA novel topology of multilevel modular capacitor clamped dc-dc converter (MMCCC) will be presented in this paper. In contrast to the conventional flying capacitor multilevel dc-dc converter (FCMDC), this new topology is completely modular and requires a simpler gate drive circuit. Moreover, the new topology has many advantageous features such as high frequency operation capability, low input/output current ripple, lower on-state voltage drop, and bi-directional power flow management. This paper discusses the construction and operation of the new converter along with a comparison with a conventional converter. Finally, the simulation and experimental results validate the concept of this new topology