The Contribution of Wide Range of Space and Time Scales to the Northward Flux of Westerly Momentum

The contribution of a wide range of time scales to the long time average of atmospheric variances and covariances, and in particular on the contribution of the annual cycle is discussed. The interannual variability of seasonally averaged fluxes is analyzed in the same context. For definiteness, numerical results will be shown for the eddy momentum flux at 200 mb as obtained from seven years of NMC analyses (March 8, 1970 - March 10, 1977). The role of the seasonal cycle is considered

Conservation laws of wave action and potential enstrophy for Rossby waves in a stratified atmosphere

The evolution of wave energy, enstrophy, and wave motion for atmospheric Rossby waves in a variable mean flow are discussed from a theoretical and pedagogic standpoint. In the absence of mean flow gradients, the wave energy density satisfies a local conservation law, with the appropriate flow velocity being the group velocity. In the presence of mean flow variations, wave energy is not conserved, but wave action is, provided the mean flow is independent of longitude. Wave enstrophy is conserved for arbitrary variations of the mean flow. Connections with Eliassen-Palm flux are also discussed

The seasonal cycle of energetics from the GLAS/UMD climate GCM

The annual cycle of atmospheric energetics from a 2-year integration of the GLAS/UMD Climate GCM is computed and compared to results from the European Centre analyses of the GWE year, and to previously published results on a global basis. All calculations are done in the mixed space-time domain. The main conclusions are: (1) the seasonal cycle of today's eddy kinetic energy (in both hemispheres), and of the transient eddy available potential energy and the potential-to-kinetic energy conversions (mean and eddy) in the Northern Hemisphere are well simulated by the GCM; (2) the GCM's tendency to have anomalously large mean u-winds at upper levels in high latitudes leads to excessive wintertime values of mean kinetic and available potential energies, and causes distortions in the GCM latitude-height distribution of kinetic energy and of many of the conversions; (3) the eddy conversion of available potential-to-kinetic energy obtained from the ageostrophic wind in these analyses; and (4) the conversions in the Southern Hemisphere are not well simulated by the GCM, although the observations are somewhat questionable

The aurora as a source of planetary-scale waves in the middle atmosphere

Photographs of global-scale auroral forms taken by scanning radiometers onboard U.S. Air Force weather satellites in 1972 show that auroral bands exhibit well-organized wave motion with typical zonal wave number of 5 or so. The scale size of these waves is in agreement with that of well-organized neutral wind fields measured by the 1967-50B satellite in the 150- to 220-km region during the geomagnetic storm of May 27, 1967. The horizontal scale size revealed by these observations is in agreement with that of high-altitude traveling ionospheric disturbances. It is conjectured that the geomagnetic storm is a source of planetary and synoptic scale neutral atmospheric waves in the middle atmosphere. The possible existence of a source of waves of the proper scale size to trigger instabilities in middle atmospheric circulation systems may be significant in the study of lower atmospheric response to geomagnetic activity

Study of dynamics of minor constituents in the thermosphere, addendum

Numerical studies of a model of the earth's thermosphere are presented. The distribution of thermospheric helium was investigated. Changes in the global transport of helium under solstice conditions caused by a small increase in the latitudes at which the background gas pressure extremes occur lead to much better agreement of the model predictions with data taken by the mass spectrometers on board the ESRO-4 and OGO-6 satellites. The model was applied to a study of the global distributions of atmospheric gases (N2, O2, and O) at both equinox and solstice with emphasis on the winter enhancement of atomic oxygen in the lower thermosphere. Comparison of the results with measurements taken by the ESRO-4 mass spectrometer indicates that the distribution of atomic oxygen is generally a result of global transport by winds

Thermal diffuse X-ray scattering in simple metals

Calculations are reported for the ionic structure factor and X-ray scattering cross section of sodium (at T=0 K and 90 K) and lithium (both isotopes at T=0 K) within the harmonic approximation. An evaluation of the appropriate displacement- displacement correlation function by the special point method circumvents the need for a multiphonon expansion. In the case of sodium, the structure in the one-phonon scattering was straightforwardly accounted for, and an approximate expansion was obtained for all multiphonon scattering. By treating core and conduction electrons on an equal footing, it is shown that information on the conduction electron system is present in the forward scattering component. In lithium the one-phonon cross section at small angles aids in the determination of the effective electron-ion interaction

An intercomparison of intraseasonal variability in general circulation models and observations

Low frequency oscillations appearing in three GCM seasonal cycle integrations are compared with the analyses of the European Center for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF). All three models have the same resolution: 4 deg latitude by 5 deg longitude, with 9 levels. The dominant phase speeds and the differential vertical structure of the heating profiles in the GCMs are in general agreement with current theory involving the positive feedback between latent heating and moist static stability. All three GCMs fail to capture the detailed evolution in the different stages of the development and decay of the oscillation. The results suggest that an improvement in the boundary layer moisture processes may be crucial for a better simulation of the oscillation

The normalization of sibling violence: Does gender and personal experience of violence influence perceptions of physical assault against siblings?

Despite its pervasive and detrimental nature, sibling violence (SV) remains marginalized as a harmless and inconsequential form of familial aggression. The present study investigates the extent to which perceptions of SV differ from those of other types of interpersonal violence. A total of 605 respondents (197 males, 408 females) read one of four hypothetical physical assault scenarios that varied according to perpetrator–victim relationship type (i.e., sibling vs. dating partner vs. peer vs. stranger) before completing a series of 24 attribution items. Respondents also reported on their own experiences of interpersonal violence during childhood. Exploratory factor analysis reduced 23 attribution items to three internally reliable factors reflecting perceived assault severity, victim culpability, and victim resistance ratings. A 4 × 2 MANCOVA—controlling for respondent age—revealed several significant effects. Overall, males deemed the assault less severe and the victim more culpable than did females. In addition, the sibling assault was deemed less severe compared to assault on either a dating partner or a stranger, with the victim of SV rated just as culpable as the victim of dating, peer, or stranger-perpetrated violence. Finally, respondents with more (frequent) experiences of childhood SV victimization perceived the hypothetical SV assault as being less severe, and victim more culpable, than respondents with no SV victimization. Results are discussed in the context of SV normalization. Methodological limitations and applications for current findings are also outlined