Perencanaan Konstruksi Turap sebagai Pengganti Dinding Penahan (Studi Kasus Jalan Lingkar Donggala)

Jalan Lingkar Donggala menggunakan dinding penahan yang berbentuk silinder atau biasa disebut sumuran. Proses pemasangan atau pelaksanaan pondasi sumuran umumnya dalam kondisi kering, namun lokasi jalan lingkar berada di daerah pantai. Kondisi ini akan menghambat proses pelaksanaan atau pemasangan pondasi sumuran, karena adanya pengaruh air laut dan proses pasang surut. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui desain turap yang akan digunakan meliputi dimensi turap, kedalamam pemancangan, dan jenis turap yang akan digunakan.Hasil perhitungan dari perencanaan konstruksi turap dengan dua kondisi permukaan air laut. Pada saat muka air normal didapatkan kedalaman pemancangan Daktual = 3,001 m dengan tipe turap PS-28. Kondisi pada saat air surut didapatkan kedalaman pemancangan Daktual = 3,393 m dengan tipe turap PS-28. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan kedalaman pemancangan dari kedua kondisi tersebut, maka yang sebaiknya dilaksanakan adalah kedalaman pemancangan pada kondisi air surut yaitu Daktual = 3,393 m dan tipe turap adalah PS-2

Natural Resistance of Sri Lankan Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Varieties to Broad-Spectrum Herbicides (Glyphosate and Glufosinate)

Since studies on herbicide-resistant rice (HRR) are limited in Sri Lanka, the present study conducted to screen the naturally existing glyphosate and glufosinate resistance in traditional and inbred rice varieties. Six traditional varieties and nineteen inbred lines were selected for the study. Complete randomized design with three pots with 10 replicates for each herbicide concentration was employed. Optimal concentrations of glyphosate (0.5 gl−1) and glufosinate (0.05 gl−1) were applied at 3–4 leaf stages. Varieties ≥50% survival percentage was considered as resistant to respective herbicides. Twelve varieties showed resistance (≥50%) at 0.5 gl−1 glyphosate concentration. Survived plants were monitored and agro-morphological and yield characters/parameters were measured. Fifteen varieties were to glufosinate at 0.05 gl−1. Even though no significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed in growth parameters across control and treated plants, there was a yield penalty. Nine varieties (At362, Bg352, Bg359, Bg366, Bg369, Bg379-2, Bg403, Bg454, and Pachchaperumal) indicated moderate resistance to both glyphosate and glufosinate. The emerged HRRs indicated varying responses of agro-morphological and yield characters across the type of herbicide and the variety. Glyphosate reduced the growth parameters and yield penalty compared to glufosinate treated varieties. These HRR varieties have a higher potential in rice breeding programs and in developing HR rice varieties in future

Cotton seed priming with brassinosteroid promotes germination and seedling growth

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is the largest fibre crop globally and an important oilseed crop. Rising temperatures and declining water supplies, which are also impacting soil salinity, threaten cotton plant productivity. Germination, emergence and young seedling stages in cotton are highly sensitive to salinity and heat stresses. Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant steroid hormones that are essential for proper plant growth and development and also promote tolerance to a range of environmental stresses. Cotton seeds were primed with BR (24-epibrassinolide) alone or in combination with other hormones (abscisic acid, auxin and gibberellic acid) and tested for germination and early seedling growth. BR promoted germination under no stress as well as under salinity and heat stress conditions, while other hormones were ineffective under stress conditions. BR also promoted cotyledon opening and the development of lateral roots in germinated seedlings. The ability of BR to positively impact seedling growth across different stress conditions suggests that priming cotton seeds with BR may help in early and successful establishment of seedlings, which may benefit the plant through its lifecycle

No saturation in the accumulation of alien species worldwide

Although research on human-mediated exchanges of species has substantially intensified during the last centuries, we know surprisingly little about temporal dynamics of alien species accumulations across regions and taxa. Using a novel database of 45,813 first records of 16,926 established alien species, we show that the annual rate of first records worldwide has increased during the last 200 years, with 37% of all first records reported most recently (1970–2014). Inter-continental and inter-taxonomic variation can be largely attributed to the diaspora of European settlers in the nineteenth century and to the acceleration in trade in the twentieth century. For all taxonomic groups, the increase in numbers of alien species does not show any sign of saturation and most taxa even show increases in the rate of first records over time. This highlights that past efforts to mitigate invasions have not been effective enough to keep up with increasing globalization

Evaluation of the effect of soy protein isolate based milk replacer feeding on digestibility of nutrients and haematobiochemical parameters in cross bred calves

A study was conducted in crossbred calves for a period of 90 days to evaluate the effect of soy protein isolate based milk replacer feeding on digestibility of nutrients and haematobiochemical parameters.Twelve,four-day-old crossbred calveswere selected from University Livestock Farm and Fodder Research and Development Scheme (ULF & FRDS), Mannuthy and were allotted to one of the two dietary treatments. The dietary treatments were T1 (Control) fed with whole milk and T2- fed with soy protein isolate based milk replacer (CP-22 per cent) and milk in the ratio 3:1.To all the experimental animals, calf starter (CP-23 per cent) and adlibitum green grass were offered and were fed according to ICAR (2013). Daily record of quantity of feed (calf starter and milk replacer) andgrass given and balance if any were recorded throughout the experimental period. A digestibility trial for five days duration was carried out towards the end of feeding trial by total collection method. The results revealed similar apparent digestibility of nutrients and haematobiochemical parameters for whole milk and milk replacer fed group

Effect of feeding Indukantham kashayam residues on growth performance and economics of production of weaned New Zealand White rabbits

A study was conducted to examine the effect of inclusion of Indukantham kashayam residue on growth performance and economics of production of weaned New Zealand White rabbits. Eighteen weaned New Zealand White rabbits of four to six weeks age were selected from Rabbit Breeding Station, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy. The experimental animals were randomly divided into three groups of six animals each and one of the three dietary treatments T1 (control diet with 18 per cent CP and 2700 kcal DE), T2 (Diet containing 5 per cent Indukantham kashayam residues) and T3 (Diet containing 10 per cent Indukantham kashayam residues) was alloted to each group. Data on weekly weight gain and daily feed intake were collected during course of study, while feed conversion ratio and economics of production were computed. The findings of the current study revealed that growth performance of weaned New Zealand White rabbits remained unaffected (p>0.05) among the dietary treatments. Indukantham kashayam residue can be included in the diet of growing rabbits up to 10 per cent level to reduce cost of production

Effect of paddy straw plus nonforage fiber sources based complete rations with different levels of neutral detergent fiber on hemato-biochemical and mineral profile of lactating dairy cows

Aim: This study was conducted to assess the effect of feeding paddy straw plus nonforage fiber sources based complete rations with different levels of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) on hemato-biochemical and mineral parameters of lactating dairy cows. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted for 6 months in 18 lactating dairy cows, divided into three groups of six each, by feeding them on paddy straw plus nonforage fiber sources based complete rations containing different levels of NDF, in two phases of 3 months (90 days) each, being the early and mid lactation phases, respectively. Three isonitrogenous and isocaloric complete rations, T1, T2 and T3 with 25%, 30% and 35% NDF, respectively, were fed to the experimental animals. Blood samples were collected at the beginning and the end of each of the two phases to estimate the different hematological, plasma protein, and mineral parameters to know the overall health status of the animals and standard methods were followed to analyze the samples. Results: There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in various hematological parameters such as hemoglobin, glucose, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in blood; plasma protein parameters such as total protein, albumin, globulin and albumin: globulin ratio and mineral parameters such as plasma calcium and phosphorus levels at the beginning and end of Phase I (1st day and 90th day) and Phase II (91st day and 180th day) as well as between the three dietary treatments, with all the values being in the normal range for lactating dairy cows. Even though nonsignificant (p>0.05), the BUN values of animals fed on ration T1, both at the beginning and end of Phase I, were higher than that of animals fed on rations T2 and T3 because the diet T1 with lowest NDF and the highest soluble carbohydrate content underwent rapid fermentation in the rumen, produced more energy, which was utilized by the rumen microbes to degrade the protein in the feed to ammonia, the excess ammonia being transported to the liver and excreted through the blood resulting in a higher BUN content. Conclusion: Feeding of paddy straw plus nonforage fiber sources based complete rations with different levels of NDF had no effect on hemato-biochemical and mineral profile as well as overall health status of lactating dairy cows. However, the higher, BUN values found in cows fed on diet T1 with 25% NDF as compared to those fed on T2 and T3 with 30% and 35% NDF, respectively, indicate more wastage of protein in T1 as compared to T2 and T3, in early lactation

Who needs what from a national health research system: Lessons from reforms to the English Department of Health's R&D system

This article has been made available through the Brunel Open Access Publishing Fund.Health research systems consist of diverse groups who have some role in health research, but the boundaries around such a system are not clear-cut. To explore what various stakeholders need we reviewed the literature including that on the history of English health R&D reforms, and we also applied some relevant conceptual frameworks. We first describe the needs and capabilities of the main groups of stakeholders in health research systems, and explain key features of policymaking systems within which these stakeholders operate in the UK. The five groups are policymakers (and health care managers), health professionals, patients and the general public, industry, and researchers. As individuals and as organisations they have a range of needs from the health research system, but should also develop specific capabilities in order to contribute effectively to the system and benefit from it. Second, we discuss key phases of reform in the development of the English health research system over four decades - especially that of the English Department of Health's R&D system - and identify how far legitimate demands of key stakeholder interests were addressed. Third, in drawing lessons we highlight points emerging from contemporary reports, but also attempt to identify issues through application of relevant conceptual frameworks. The main lessons are: the importance of comprehensively addressing the diverse needs of various interacting institutions and stakeholders; the desirability of developing facilitating mechanisms at interfaces between the health research system and its various stakeholders; and the importance of additional money in being able to expand the scope of the health research system whilst maintaining support for basic science. We conclude that the latest health R&D strategy in England builds on recent progress and tackles acknowledged weaknesses. The strategy goes a considerable way to identifying and more effectively meeting the needs of key groups such as medical academics, patients and industry, and has been remarkably successful in increasing the funding for health research. There are still areas that might benefit from further recognition and resourcing, but the lessons identified, and progress made by the reforms are relevant for the design and coordination of national health research systems beyond England.This article is available through the Brunel Open Access Publishing Fund

Assessing patterns in introduction pathways of alien species by linking major invasion data bases

1. Preventing the arrival of invasive alien species (IAS) is a major priority in managing biological invasions. However, information on introduction pathways is currently scattered across many data bases that often use different categorisations to describe similar pathways. This hampers the identification and prioritisation of pathways to meet the main targets of recent environmental policies. 2. Therefore, we integrate pathway information from two major IAS data bases, IUCN's Global Invasive Species Database (GISD) and the DAISIE European Invasive Alien Species Gateway, applying the new standard categorisation scheme recently adopted by the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). We describe the process of mapping pathways from the individual data bases to the CBD scheme and provide, for the first time, detailed descriptions of the standard pathway categories. The combined data set includes pathway information for 8323 species across major taxonomic groups (plants, vertebrates, invertebrates, algae, fungi, other) and environments (terrestrial, freshwater, marine). 3. We analyse the data for major patterns in the introduction pathways, highlighting that the specific research question and context determines whether the combined or an individual data set is the better information source for such analyses. While the combined data set provides an improved basis for direction-setting in invasion management policies on the global level, individual data sets often better reflect regional idiosyncrasies. The combined data set should thus be considered in addition to, rather than replacing, existing individual data sets. 4.Pathway patterns derived from the combined and individual data sets show that the intentional pathways ‘Escape’ and ‘Release’ are most important for plants and vertebrates, while for invertebrates, algae, fungi and micro-organisms unintentional transport pathways prevail. Differences in pathway proportions among marine, freshwater and terrestrial environments are much less pronounced. The results also show that IAS with highest impacts in Europe are on average associated with a greater number of pathways than other alien species and are more frequently introduced both intentionally and unintentionally. 5. Synthesis and applications. Linking data bases on invasive alien species by harmonising and consolidating their pathway information is essential to turn dispersed data into useful knowledge. The standard pathway categorisation scheme recently adopted by the Convention on Biological Diversity may be crucial to facilitate this process. Our study demonstrates the value of integrating major invasion data bases to help managers and policymakers reach robust conclusions about patterns in introduction pathways and thus aid effective prevention and prioritisation in invasion management