Adolescent rats are resistant to forming ethanol seeking habits

AbstractEarly age of onset alcohol drinking is significantly more likely to lead to alcohol use disorders (AUDs) than alcohol drinking that begins after the age of 18. Unfortunately, the majority of people in the United States begin drinking in adolescence. Therefore, it is important to understand how early alcohol drinking leads to increased risk for AUDs so that better treatments and prevention strategies can be developed. Adolescents perceive greater rewarding properties of alcohol, and adolescents may be more likely to form alcohol-seeking habits that promote continued use throughout the lifetime. Therefore, we compared the development of alcohol seeking habits in adolescent and adult male, Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were trained to lever press to receive 10% ethanol+0.1% saccharin on a schedule that promotes habit formation. Rats were tested using a contingency degradation procedure at different points in training. Adult rats formed ethanol-seeking habits with only moderate training, while adolescents remained goal-directed even with extended training. Nevertheless, adolescents consumed more ethanol than adults throughout the experiment and continued to consume more ethanol than adults when they reached adulthood. Therefore, early onset alcohol use may promote AUD formation through establishment of high levels of drinking that becomes habitual in adulthood

Faktor-faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Masyarakat Dalam Memilih Lokasi Hunian Peri Urban Surabaya Di Sidoarjo

Kabupaten Sidoarjo merupakan salah satu wilayah yang terkena dampak Urban Sprawl dari pertumbuhan Kota Surabaya. Kebutuhan lahan permukiman yang semakin terbatas dan mahalnya lahan permukiman di daerah Kota Surabaya terutama yang berada di pusat kota membuat masyakarat lebih memilih bermukim di daerah pinggiran kota Surabaya yaitu Kecamatan Waru dan Kecamatan Taman. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi masyarakat dalam memilih lokasi hunian Peri Urban Surabaya di Sidoarjo. Pada jenis penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan positivistik dengan jenis deskriptif. Dari hasil didapat 9 faktor yang mempengaruhi masyarakat dalam memilih lokasi hunian antara lain: Aksesibilitas (Kemudahan menuju pertokoan) Ketersediaan air bersih, Ketersediaan Fasilitas Pertokoan, Ketersediaan Fasilitas Peribadatan (mushola), Keindahan (Kebersihan), Aksesibilitas (Kemudahan menuju angkutan umum ), Aksesibilitas (Kemudahan menuju sekolah), Ketersediaan jaringan listrik, Harga Lahan/Rumah. Dengan demikian, Aksesibilitas menjadi faktor primer dalam pemilihan lokasi hunian peri urban Surabaya di Sidoarj

Observed transition from Richtmyer-Meshkov jet formation through feedout oscillations to Rayleigh-Taylor instability in a laser target

Experimental study of hydrodynamic perturbation evolution triggered by a laser-driven shock wave breakout at the free rippled rear surface of a plastic target is reported. At sub-megabar shock pressure, planar jets manifesting the development of the Richtmyer-Meshkov-type instability in a non-accelerated target are observed. As the shock pressure exceeds 1 Mbar, an oscillatory rippled expansion wave is observed, followed by the "feedout" of the rear-surface perturbations to the ablation front and the development of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability, which breaks up the accelerated target.Comment: 12 pages, 4 figure

Peran Cerita Rakyat Sebagai Media Pembelajaran Bahasa Indoneisa Di Kabupaten Ende

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui cerita rakyat yang terdapat di Kabupaten Ende dan perannya sebagai media pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia. Penelitian ini digolongkan ke dalam penelitian berpendekatan kualitatif. Peneliti menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif karena (1) data penelitian ini merupakan data kualitatif, yakni data verbal berupa cerita rakyat daerah Kabupaten Ende yang dikodifikasi, diseleksi, diklasifikasi dan dianalisis peneliti sebagai human instrumen, (2) dilakukan pada  konteks nyata berupa teks-teks cerita rakyat yang dapat dipahami secara utuh  dalam konteksnya, (3) teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan oleh peneliti sendiri, (4) analisis data dilakukan dengan menguraikan secara terperinci tentang peran cerita rakyat sebagai media pembelajaran bahasa Indonesia di Kabupaten Ende. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa cerita rakyat memiliki peran sebagai media pembelajaran bahasa Indonesia berupa pendeskripsian nilai-nilai yang terkandung dalam cerita rakyat. Nilai-nilai dalam cerita rakyat kabupaten Ende terdiri atas nilai sosial, nilai religius, nilai moral, nilai budaya,  dan nilai pendidikan. Siswa dapat memetik nilai-nilai yang terkandung di dalam cerita untuk damalkan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari

Improving hypertension control through a collaboration between an academic medical center and a chain community pharmacy

IntroductionApproximately one-third of adults in the United States have hypertension (HTN), leading to increased morbidity and mortality.ObjectivesThis quality improvement intervention was designed to improve HTN control among community-dwelling adults through collaboration between patient-centered medical homes (PCMH) within an academic medical center and chain community pharmacies.MethodsFour PCMH sites in Ann Arbor, Michigan that were in close proximity to two Meijer pharmacies participated in this study between September 2016 and March 2017, which compared HTN outcomes for patients seen at two community pharmacies where the pharmacists received training on HTN management for patients who received usual care at their PCMH. The primary outcome was percent of patients who met their blood pressure (BP) goal of either <140/90-mmHg or-<-150/90-mmHg compared with matched controls who received usual care at the PCMH. Secondary outcomes included number of medication recommendations made, percent of recommendations accepted by the primary care provider (PCP), and patient satisfaction.ResultsPatients who received care at the community pharmacy (n = 155) had a higher rate of BP control at 3-months than matched controls (61.8% vs 47.7%, P = 0.013). A total of 29 medication recommendations were made by community pharmacists and 26 were accepted by the PCP. Nearly 95% of patients rated the care they received as excellent or very good and over 95% stated that they would recommend the pharmacist at the Meijer pharmacy to their family and friends.ConclusionPatients who received HTN management services as part of a collaboration between an academic medical center and chain community pharmacy were significantly more likely to have controlled BP at 3-months compared with matched controls who received standard care. This model shows promise as being a strategy to expand access to care for patients while being mutually beneficial for community pharmacies and health systems.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/151336/1/jac51158_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/151336/2/jac51158.pd

HUBUNGAN DERAJAT MEROKOK TERHADAP KETERGANTUNGAN NIKOTIN PADA PEROKOK AKTIF : NARRATIVE REVIEW

Latar belakang : Ketergantungan nikotin adalah penyakit kronis yang kambuh yang didefinisikan sebagai keinginan kompulsif untuk menggunakan obat, meskipun ada konsekuensi sosial yang berbahaya. Seseorang yang kecanduan nikotin akan mengalami perubahan dari segi psikologisnya seperti depresi, mood menurun dan tidak tenang ketika tidak merokok. Sedangkan semakin tinggi derajat merokok seseorang maka nilai saturasi oksigen seseorang akan buruk. Tujuan : untuk mengetahui hubungan derajat derokok terhadap ketergantungan nikotin pada perokok aktif. Metode : Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu Narrative Review dengan framework PEOS (Population, Exposure/Event, Outcome, Study Design) dan keyword yang telah ditentukan. Hasil : Dari 3.556 artikel yang teridentifikasi, didapatkan 10 artikel yang menyatakan sesuai dengan kriteria inklusi, yaitu 3 artikel menyatakan bahwa ada hubungan derajat merokok terhadap ketergantungan nikotin. Responden dalam 10 artikel adalah laki laki dengan perokok aktif. Instrument dalam 7 artikel menggunakan Fagestrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), 2 artikel menggunakan Heaviness of Smoking Index (HSI), 2 artikel menggunakan Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale (NDSS), 2 artikel menggunakan Hooked on Nicotine Checklist (HONC) untuk mengukur ketergantungan nikotin, dan 2 artikel menggunakan Indeks Brinkman untuk mengukur derajat merokok. Kesimpulan : Adanya hubungan derajat merokok terhadap ketergantungan nikotin pada perokok aktif. Saran : Peneliti selanjutnya diharapkan melakukan penelitian ke responden langsung dengan memperhatikan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi derajat merokok dan ketergantungan nikotin diantaranya umur, genetik, pendidikan, lama merokok, jenie rokok, aktivitas fisik, status sosial ekonomi, kebijakan bebas rokok dirumah, saturasi oksigen dan hemoglobin

Razvoj i vrednovanje dvoslojnih tableta propranolol hidroklorida

The objective of the present research was to develop a bilayer tablet of propranolol hydrochloride using superdisintegrant sodium starch glycolate for the fast release layer and water immiscible polymers such as ethyl cellulose, Eudragit RLPO and Eudragit RSPO for the sustaining layer. In vitro dissolution studies were carried out in a USP 24 apparatus I. The formulations gave an initial burst effect to provide the loading dose of the drug followed by sustained release for 12 hrs from the sustaining layer of matrix embedded tablets. In vitro dissolution kinetics followed the Higuchi model via a non-Fickian diffusion controlled release mechanism after the initial burst release. FT-IR studies revealed that there was no interaction between the drug and polymers used in the study. Statistical analysis (ANOVA) showed no significant difference in the cumulative amount of drug release after 15 min, but significant difference (p 0.005) in the amount of drug released after 12 h from optimized formulations was observed.U radu je opisan razvoj dvoslojnih tableta propranolol hidroklorida, koristeći superdezintegrator škrob glikolat natrij u sloju za brzo oslobađanje i polimere koji se ne miješaju s vodom (etil celuloza, Eudragit RLPO i Eudragit RSPO) u sloju za usporeno oslobađanje. In vitro oslobađanje praćeno je u USP aparatu I te je uočeno početno naglo oslobađanje ljekovite tvari iza kojeg slijedi polagano oslobađanje tijekom 12 sati. In vitro kinetika oslobađanja prati Higouchijev model, dok mehanizam kontroliranog oslobađanja ne slijedi Fickov zakon poslije početnog naglog oslobađanja. FT-IR studije ukazuju da nema interakcije između ljekovite tvari i polimera upotrebljenih u oblikovanju. Statistička analiza (ANOVA) nije pokazala značajne razlike u kumulativnoj količini oslobođenog lijeka iz optimiranih formulacija poslije 15 minuta i polije 12 h