Las Leyes de Newton de la mecánica: Una revisión histórica y sus implicaciones en los textos de enseñanza

Este trabajo destaca la importancia de una presentación coherente y actualizada de la dinámica clásica como un factor clave para su aprendizaje. La primera parte de este trabajo contiene un análisis histórico de los aspectos críticos de las leyes de la dinámica clásica que muestra sus ambigüedades y sus posibles interpretaciones. A continuación, se analizan las alternativas de enseñanza en algunos libros de texto haciendo especial énfasis en sus características fundamentales. Como resultado, se concluye que la presentación de la dinámica clásica, tal como se hace actualmente, muestra deficiencias tanto de coherencia como de actualización, lo que sugiere la necesidad de una revisión general de la misma. SUMMARY This work highlights the importance of a coherent and updated presentation of classical dynamic as a key factor for learning. The first part of this work contains an historical analysis of the critical aspects of the laws of dynamics showing their ambiguities and their possible interpretations. Further on, the teaching alternatives in some textbooks are analyzed making an emphasis in their fundamental characteristics. As a result, we conclude that the presentation of the classic dynamics, as is currently done, shows weaknesses both in coherence and updated, suggesting the need for a general review of it

Principal component analysis applied to remote sensing

[EN] The main objective of this article was to show an application of principal component analysis (PCA) which is used in two science degrees. Particularly, PCA analysis was used to obtain information of the land cover from satellite images. Three Landsat images were selected from two areas which were located in the municipalities of Gandia and Vallat, both in the Valencia province (Spain). In the first study area, just one Landsat image of the 2005 year was used. In the second study area, two Landsat images were used taken in the 1994 and 2000 years to analyse the most significant changes in the land cover. According to the results, the second principal component of the Gandia area image allowed detecting the presence of vegetation. The same component in the Vallat area allowed detecting a forestry area affected by a forest fire. Consequently in this study we confirmed the feasibility of using PCA in remote sensing to extract land use information.[ES] El objetivo principal de este artículo es mostrar una aplicación del análisis de componentes principales (PCA) que se utiliza en dos grados de la ciencia. En particular, se utilizó el análisis de PCA para obtener información de la cobertura del suelo a partir de imágenes de satélite. Tres imágenes Landsat fueron seleccionadas a partir de dos áreas que se encuentran en los municipios de Gandia y Vallat, ambos en la provincia de Valencia (España). En la primera área de estudio, se utilizó una sola imagen Landsat del año 2005. En la segunda área de estudio, se utilizaron dos imágenes Landsat tomadas en los años 1994 y 2000 para analizar los cambios más significativos en la cobertura de la tierra. Según los resultados, el segundo componente principal de la imagen de área Gandia permitió la detección de la presencia de vegetación. El mismo componente en el área de Vallat permitió detectar un área forestal afectada por un incendio forestal. En consecuencia, en este estudio se confirmó la viabilidad del uso de PCA en teledetección para extraer la información territorial.Estornell, J.; Martí-Gavliá, JM.; Sebastiá, MT.; Mengual, J. (2013). Principal component analysis applied to remote sensing. Modelling in Science Education and Learning. 6(2):83-89. doi:10.4995/msel.2013.1905SWORD838962Xiuping Jia, & Richards, J. A. (1999). Segmented principal components transformation for efficient hyperspectral remote-sensing image display and classification. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 37(1), 538-542. doi:10.1109/36.739109J. R. Eastman, M. Filk. Long sequence time series evaluation using standardized principal components. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing. 59(6) 991-996. (1993)

Assessing the capabilities of high-resolution spectral, altimetric, and textural descriptors for mapping the status of citrus parcels

[EN] Agricultural land abandonment is an increasing phenomenon around the world with relevant environmental and socio-economic implications. In the European Union about 11 % of agricultural land is at high risk of abandonment. The Comunitat Valenciana region (Spain) is the most important citrus producer in Europe suffering from this problem. Identifying the status of citrus crops at the parcel level is essential for policymakers in agriculture. This work assessed the use of WorldView-3 data, Very High-Resolution Airborne Images, and Structure from Motion point clouds to identify the status of citrus parcels using two machine learning algorithms: Random Forest and Support Vector Machines. Different analyses involving combinations of the three data sources were carried out to assess the impact on classification accuracy. The results showed the high potential of airborne imagery (OA ¿ 0.967) and WorldView-3 (OA ¿ 0.936) to detect parcel status using a single image. The SfM data showed a lower potential (OA ¿ 0.825). Adding SfM point cloud to the multispectral information produced small improvements (0.4¿2.0 %) in classification accuracy. The class separability analysis showed the importance of WV-3 SWIR bands to detect abandoned parcels as they produce more spectral separability over the productive parcels in the 1570 nm ¿ 2330 nm spectrum. The results also show the importance of GLCM texture features extracted from sub-metric images due to their ability to model spatial planting patterns typical of fruit cropsThis research was funded by regional government of Spain, Generalitat Valenciana, within the framework of the research project AICO/2020/246. Funding for open access charge: CRUE-Universitat Politecnica de Valencia.Morell-Monzó, S.; Estornell Cremades, J.; Sebastiá-Frasquet, M. (2023). Assessing the capabilities of high-resolution spectral, altimetric, and textural descriptors for mapping the status of citrus parcels. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 204:1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2022.10750411120

Land Use Classification of VHR Images for Mapping Small-Sized Abandoned Citrus Plots by Using Spectral and Textural Information

[EN] Agricultural land abandonment is an increasing problem in Europe. The Comunitat Valenciana Region (Spain) is one of the most important citrus producers in Europe suffering this problem. This region characterizes by small sized citrus plots and high spatial fragmentation which makes necessary to use Very High-Resolution images to detect abandoned plots. In this paper spectral and Gray Level Co-Occurrence Matrix (GLCM)-based textural information derived from the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) are used to map abandoned citrus plots in Oliva municipality (eastern Spain). The proposed methodology is based on three general steps: (a) extraction of spectral and textural features from the image, (b) pixel-based classification of the image using the Random Forest algorithm, and (c) assignment of a single value per plot by majority voting. The best results were obtained when extracting the texture features with a 9 x 9 window size and the Random Forest model showed convergence around 100 decision trees. Cross-validation of the model showed an overall accuracy of the pixel-based classification of 87% and an overall accuracy of the plot-based classification of 95%. All the variables used are statistically significant for the classification, however the most important were contrast, dissimilarity, NIR band (720 nm), and blue band (620 nm). According to our results, 31% of the plots classified as citrus in Oliva by current methodology are abandoned. This is very important to avoid overestimating crop yield calculations by public administrations. The model was applied successfully outside the main study area (Oliva municipality); with a slightly lower accuracy (92%). This research provides a new approach to map small agricultural plots, especially to detect land abandonment in woody evergreen crops that have been little studied until now.This research was funded by regional government of Spain, Generalitat Valenciana, within the framework of the research project AICO/2020/246 and the APC was also funded by the research project AICO/2020/246.Morell-Monzó, S.; Sebastiá-Frasquet, M.; Estornell Cremades, J. (2021). Land Use Classification of VHR Images for Mapping Small-Sized Abandoned Citrus Plots by Using Spectral and Textural Information. Remote Sensing. 13(4):1-18. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040681S11813

Periphyton and phytoplankton assessment in a shrimp nursery: signature pigments analysis

[EN] Understanding microalgae composition is key for an improved aquaculture system management. The primary objective of this research was to estimate microalgae community structure in a Marsupenaeus japonicus nursery. The secondary objective was to analyze the environmental parameters (salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved ammonia, nitrites, nitrates and phosphates) and shrimp density effect on abundance, composition and development of microalgae in a shrimp nursery. Periphyton and phytoplankton composition and abundance were determined using HPLC signature pigment analysis coupled with CHEMTAX software. Environmental parameters were measured in the tanks with probes or in the laboratory following standard procedures of water quality analysis. A nonparametric repeated-measures ANOVA statistical analysis was done to test differences between treatments. Spearman rank correlation analyses were performed on environmental and biological variables with phytoplankton or periphyton groups in order to examine significant relationship. The results showed diatoms were significantly higher than any other groups in both phytoplankton and periphyton communities. Shrimp density effect on periphyton, phytoplankton composition and environmental parameters was minor. Nutrients played a key role on phytoplankton development, but had a minor effect on periphyton, which was more affected by colonization processes and other environmental variables. The analysis of signature pigments allowed to report the presence of previously undetected groups on periphyton, prasinophytes and prymnesiophytes, which are characterized by high nutritional value. This is especially important in nurseries because shrimp grazing on periphyton can increase post-larvae survival.Financial support for this research was provided by Conselleria d'Educacio, Investigacio, Cultura i Esport of the Generalitat Valenciana, through the program VALi+D, file Number ACIF/2014/244. The authors want to thank the anonymous reviewer for the accurate revision and useful comments which helped to improve the original manuscript.Llario, F.; Rodilla, M.; Falco, S.; Escrivá, J.; Sebastiá-Frasquet, M. (2020). Periphyton and phytoplankton assessment in a shrimp nursery: signature pigments analysis. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 17(2):857-868. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-019-02515-zS85786817

Comparison of Sentinel-2 and High-Resolution Imagery for Mapping Land Abandonment in Fragmented Areas

[EN] Agricultural land abandonment is an important environmental issue in Europe. The proper management of agricultural areas has important implications for ecosystem services (food production, biodiversity, climate regulation and the landscape). In the coming years, an increase of abandoned areas is expected due to socio-economic changes. The identification and quantification of abandoned agricultural plots is key for monitoring this process and for applying management measures. The Valencian Region (Spain) is an important fruit and vegetable producing area in Europe, and it has the most important citrus industry. However, this agricultural sector is highly threatened by diverse factors, which have accelerated land abandonment. Landsat and MODIS satellite images have been used to map land abandonment. However, these images do not give good results in areas with high spatial fragmentation and small-sized agricultural plots. Sentinel-2 and airborne imagery shows unexplored potential to overcome this thanks to higher spatial resolutions. In this work, three models were compared for mapping abandoned plots using Sentinel-2 with 10 m bands, Sentinel-2 with 10 m and 20 m bands, and airborne imagery with 1 m visible and near-infrared bands. A pixel-based classification approach was used, applying the Random Forests algorithm. The algorithm was trained with 144 plots and 100 decision trees. The results were validated using the hold-out method with 96 independent plots. The most accurate map was obtained using airborne images, the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) and Thiam's Transformed Vegetation Index (TTVI), with an overall accuracy of 88.5%. The map generated from Sentinel-2 images (10 m bands and the EVI and TTVI spectral indices) had an overall accuracy of 77.1%. Adding 20 m Sentinel-2 bands and the Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI) did not improve the classification accuracy. According to the most accurate map, 4310 abandoned plots were detected in our study area, representing 32.5% of its agricultural surface. The proposed methodology proved to be useful for mapping citrus in highly fragmented areas, and it can be adapted to other crops.Morell-Monzó, S.; Estornell Cremades, J.; Sebastiá-Frasquet, M. (2020). Comparison of Sentinel-2 and High-Resolution Imagery for Mapping Land Abandonment in Fragmented Areas. Remote Sensing. 12(12):1-18. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12122062S1181212MacDonald, D., Crabtree, J. ., Wiesinger, G., Dax, T., Stamou, N., Fleury, P., … Gibon, A. (2000). Agricultural abandonment in mountain areas of Europe: Environmental consequences and policy response. Journal of Environmental Management, 59(1), 47-69. doi:10.1006/jema.1999.0335Kosmas, C., Kairis, O., Karavitis, C., Acikalin, S., Alcalá, M., Alfama, P., … Solé-Benet, A. (2015). An exploratory analysis of land abandonment drivers in areas prone to desertification. 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Impact of Farmland Abandonment on Water Resources and Soil Conservation in Citrus Plantations in Eastern Spain. Water, 11(4), 824. doi:10.3390/w11040824Rey Benayas, J. M., & Bullock, J. M. (2012). Restoration of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services on Agricultural Land. Ecosystems, 15(6), 883-899. doi:10.1007/s10021-012-9552-0Shrivastava, R. J., & Gebelein, J. L. (2007). Land cover classification and economic assessment of citrus groves using remote sensing. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 61(5), 341-353. doi:10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2006.10.003Löw, F., Prishchepov, A., Waldner, F., Dubovyk, O., Akramkhanov, A., Biradar, C., & Lamers, J. (2018). Mapping Cropland Abandonment in the Aral Sea Basin with MODIS Time Series. Remote Sensing, 10(2), 159. doi:10.3390/rs10020159Alcantara, C., Kuemmerle, T., Prishchepov, A. V., & Radeloff, V. C. (2012). Mapping abandoned agriculture with multi-temporal MODIS satellite data. Remote Sensing of Environment, 124, 334-347. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2012.05.019Estel, S., Kuemmerle, T., Alcántara, C., Levers, C., Prishchepov, A., & Hostert, P. (2015). Mapping farmland abandonment and recultivation across Europe using MODIS NDVI time series. Remote Sensing of Environment, 163, 312-325. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2015.03.028Dara, A., Baumann, M., Kuemmerle, T., Pflugmacher, D., Rabe, A., Griffiths, P., … Hostert, P. (2018). Mapping the timing of cropland abandonment and recultivation in northern Kazakhstan using annual Landsat time series. Remote Sensing of Environment, 213, 49-60. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2018.05.005Müller, D., Leitão, P. J., & Sikor, T. (2013). Comparing the determinants of cropland abandonment in Albania and Romania using boosted regression trees. Agricultural Systems, 117, 66-77. doi:10.1016/j.agsy.2012.12.010Yin, H., Prishchepov, A. V., Kuemmerle, T., Bleyhl, B., Buchner, J., & Radeloff, V. C. (2018). Mapping agricultural land abandonment from spatial and temporal segmentation of Landsat time series. Remote Sensing of Environment, 210, 12-24. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2018.02.050Kuemmerle, T., Hostert, P., Radeloff, V. C., van der Linden, S., Perzanowski, K., & Kruhlov, I. (2008). Cross-border Comparison of Post-socialist Farmland Abandonment in the Carpathians. Ecosystems, 11(4), 614-628. doi:10.1007/s10021-008-9146-zGrădinaru, S. R., Kienast, F., & Psomas, A. (2019). Using multi-seasonal Landsat imagery for rapid identification of abandoned land in areas affected by urban sprawl. Ecological Indicators, 96, 79-86. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.06.022Prishchepov, A. V., Radeloff, V. C., Dubinin, M., & Alcantara, C. (2012). The effect of Landsat ETM/ETM + image acquisition dates on the detection of agricultural land abandonment in Eastern Europe. Remote Sensing of Environment, 126, 195-209. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2012.08.017Baumann, M., Kuemmerle, T., Elbakidze, M., Ozdogan, M., Radeloff, V. C., Keuler, N. S., … Hostert, P. (2011). Patterns and drivers of post-socialist farmland abandonment in Western Ukraine. Land Use Policy, 28(3), 552-562. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2010.11.003Szostak, M., Hawryło, P., & Piela, D. (2017). Using of Sentinel-2 images for automation of the forest succession detection. European Journal of Remote Sensing, 51(1), 142-149. doi:10.1080/22797254.2017.1412272Kanjir, U., Đurić, N., & Veljanovski, T. (2018). Sentinel-2 Based Temporal Detection of Agricultural Land Use Anomalies in Support of Common Agricultural Policy Monitoring. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 7(10), 405. doi:10.3390/ijgi7100405Proisy, C., Viennois, G., Sidik, F., Andayani, A., Enright, J. A., Guitet, S., … Suhardjono. (2018). Monitoring mangrove forests after aquaculture abandonment using time series of very high spatial resolution satellite images: A case study from the Perancak estuary, Bali, Indonesia. 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Remote Sensing Temporal Reconstruction of the Flooded Area in "Tablas de Daimiel" Inland Wetland 2000-2021

[EN] Tablas de Daimiel National Park (TDNP) is a unique inland wetland located in the Mancha plain (Spain). It is recognized at the international level, and it is protected by different figures, such as Biosphere Reserve. However, this ecosystem is endangered due to aquifer overexploitation, and it is at risk of losing its protection figures. The objective of our study is to analyze the evolution of the flooded area between the year 2000 and 2021 by Landsat (5, 7 and 8) and Sentinel-2 images, and to assess the TDNP state through an anomaly analysis of the total water body surface. Several water indices were tested, but the NDWI index for Sentinel-2 (threshold -0.20), the MNDWI for Landsat-5 (threshold -0.15), and the MNDWI for Landsat-8 (threshold -0.25) showed the highest accuracy to calculate the flooded surface inside the protected area's limits. During the period 2015-2021, we compared the performance of Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 and an R2 value of 0.87 was obtained for this analysis, indicating a high correspondence between both sensors. Our results indicate a high variability of the flooded areas during the analyzed period with significant peaks, the most notorious in the second quarter of 2010. Minimum flooded areas were observed with negative precipitation index anomalies since fourth quarter of 2004 to fourth quarter of 2009. This period corresponds to a severe drought that affected this region and caused important deterioration. No significant correlation was observed between water surface anomalies and precipitation anomalies, and the significant correlation with flow and piezometric anomalies was moderate. This can be explained because of the complexity of water uses in this wetland, which includes illegal wells and the geological heterogeneity.Pena-Regueiro, J.; Estornell Cremades, J.; Aguilar-Maldonado, J.; Sebastiá-Frasquet, M. (2023). Remote Sensing Temporal Reconstruction of the Flooded Area in "Tablas de Daimiel" Inland Wetland 2000-2021. Sensors. 23(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/s2308409623

Differences in Body Composition between Playing Positions in Men’s Professional Soccer: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

The performance of male soccer players (MSPs) depends on multiple factors, such as body composition. It is understandable to think that, due to the physical demands and specific functions during play, body composition may vary depending on the playing position. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to describe the anthropometric, BC, and somatotype characteristics of professional MSPs and to compare the reported values according to playing position. We systematically searched Embase, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science following the PRISMA statement. Random-effects meta-analysis, a pooled summary of means, and 95% CI (method or equation) were calculated. Random models were used with the Restricted Maximum Likelihood (REML) method. Twenty-six articles were included in the systematic review and the meta-analysis. After comparing the groups according to the playing position (goalkeeper, defender, midfielder, and forward), significant differences were found in age, height, weight, the sum of skinfolds, kilograms of muscle mass, and kilograms of fat-free mass (p = 0.001; p < 0.0001). No significant differences were observed in fat mass, percentage of fat-free mass, percentage of muscle mass, bone mass, and somatotype. Despite the limitations, this study provides useful information to help medical–technical staff to properly assess the BC of professional MSPs, providing reference values for the different positions

Physical activity as a complementary approach for the pharmacological treatment of Fibromyalgia Syndrome: Effects of a 6-week aquatic strength and core training program

Fibromyalgia is a chronic and multifactorial disease, characterized by the presence of generalized pain that negatively influences the health-related quality of life of the affected person. Despite the severity and disabling effects that this disease causes in most cases, the physical and psychological symptoms can be alleviated through adequate physical fitness, with water-based exercise being one of the most recommended approaches for fibromyalgia patients. The objective of this case report was to verify the suitability and feasibility of a multicomponent aquatic training program carried out in a high temperature spa pool for a woman with fibromyalgia. For this purpose, a complete physical and psychological analysis in this patient with a history of lack of compliance and tolerance of physical activity is presented as a case report. A 62 year-old woman with fibromyalgia participated in 6-week program of strength, core, aerobic, and flexibility training developed in the aquatic environment, with analyses performed before and after intervention, where physical and psychological parameters were evaluated. The percentage of improvement showed an enhancement in all physical and psychological factors, with some test results over the reference values of minimal detectable change and minimal clinically significant difference for fibromyalgia patients and women of similar age. The presented case report provides a comprehensive examination of the physical and psychological status of a woman with fibromyalgia, prior to and proceeding a non-pharmacological intervention based on a multicomponent water-based training program. Results highlighted that a 6-week programme of water-based exercise program in a spa pool was suitable for reaching an enhancement in different physical and psychological parameters in this fibromyalgia patient, with her history of poor compliance and tolerance to conventional physical activity. If future studies with more sample size confirm our results, this approach could result interesting for fibromyalgia patients with low adherence and tolerance to land based training

COMPARISON OF GAMIFICATION TOOLS FOR EVALUATING THE ETHICAL, ENVIRONMENTAL AND PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITY SKILLS IN SCIENCE DEGREES

In the last two years the Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV) has implemented the evaluation of key transversal competences in its degrees. The objective is to offer an added value both for UPV s graduates and their employers. Nowadays, labour market is demanding not only professional skills but also personal and transversal competences development. However, evaluating these skills may require evaluation methods and techniques different to traditional ones. The authors have worked with gamification tools to help assessing student s performance in Ethical, environmental and professional responsibility skill. The experiences described have been developed in the frame of an Innovative Educational Project Improvement during the academic years 2014/2015 and 2015/2016. The aim of this paper is to compare the performance of two gamification applications, Socrative and Quizbean, for evaluating the above mentioned skill. Both applications can be used in the classroom with different devices such as laptops, tablets or mobile phones, and are based on creating questionnaires. These applications also share other characteristics such as high number of questions allowed, relatively high number of students in the classroom, instant results, etc. Socrative was used in Thermodynamics and Chemical Kinetics course in the first year of the Bachelor s degree in Biotechnology. Quizbean was used in Groundwater management subject in the fourth year of the Bachelor s degree in Environmental Sciences. To increase student motivation, game rules were included to encourage competition. The questionnaires were designed and classified according to 3 possible levels of acquisition of the key competence, these levels are fully described in a specific rubric that was explained beforehand to the students. Both applications performed successfully and the specificities of each gamification tool are described in the results. Students were satisfactorily involved in the activity, and some examples are included to show different levels of competence acquisition.The authors would like to thank the Vice-Rectorate for Studies, Quality and Acreditation of the Universitat Politècnica de València for funding the lnnovation and Educational Improvement Project A005: “Experiencia piloto de evaluación en distintas titulaciones de la UPV de la competencia transversal UPV Responsabilidad ética, medioambiental y profesional”Sebastiá-Frasquet, M.; Vargas Colás, MD.; Asensio Cuesta, S.; Pascual-Seva, N. (2016). COMPARISON OF GAMIFICATION TOOLS FOR EVALUATING THE ETHICAL, ENVIRONMENTAL AND PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITY SKILLS IN SCIENCE DEGREES. IATED. https://doi.org/10.21125/iceri.2016.1855