FIR Filter for Audio Signals Based on FPGA: Design and Implementation

Filters play a vital role in digital signal processing (DSP) applications ranging from Video and image processing to wireless communication. In this paper, Low pass digital finite impulse response (FIR) filter is designed and implemented. Eight coefficients and taps are used in the design. The whole system are coded in VHDL language using modular design approach and implemented in Altera DE1 board. This board has cyclone II Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), Codec chip (WM8731), Embedded DSP multipliers and embedded processor support. The design is implemented as three main blocks: Codec initialization block, serial to parallel (S2P) Adapter block and FIR filter block. The blocks are tested and simulated in order to ensure that the result is correct. Finally, the Quartus II software tool is used to evaluate the implementation results and obtain the frequency response of the designed filter

Real-Time Wireless Network of Mobile Sensor Nodes Based on ZigBee Protocol: Design and Implementation

Wireless sensor networks are an evolving technology for a wide range of environments due to its low-cost and importance that has been implemented by the recent delivery of the IEEE 802.15.4 standard (ZigBee standard) for application layers. The benefit of this module is to develop the designing skills on the wireless networks using ZigBee protocol that is providing a standardized base set of solutions for control systems and sensor .In this paper, a wireless network consisting of four mobile sensor nodes is designed and implemented. Thermal sensor is used in each node to measure the temperature. After the temperature was measured correctly, the system is modified in terms of having a better reliability by implementing the CRC technique. Furthermore, a TDMA and CSMA algorithms are applied to the nodes in a way that the four nodes of the network must be able to transmit and receive the data without any collision. The system is applied on a modern embedded board is PICDEM-Z BOARD. This board has excellent features such as high performance core PLCI8F4620, memory and Rf transceiver work with ZigBee protocol. The results show high flexibility and reliability in the measuring and exchanging the data between all the nodes within one second in real time.

Real-Time Wireless Network of Mobile Sensor Nodes Based on ZigBee Protocol: Design and Implementation

Wireless sensor networks are an evolving technology for a wide range of environments due to its low-cost and importance that has been implemented by the recent delivery of the IEEE 802.15.4 standard (ZigBee standard) for application layers. The benefit of this module is to develop the designing skills on the wireless networks using ZigBee protocol that is providing a standardized base set of solutions for control systems and sensor .In this paper, a wireless network consisting of four mobile sensor nodes is designed and implemented. Thermal sensor is used in each node to measure the temperature. After the temperature was measured correctly, the system is modified in terms of having a better reliability by implementing the CRC technique. Furthermore, a TDMA and CSMA algorithms are applied to the nodes in a way that the four nodes of the network must be able to transmit and receive the data without any collision. The system is applied on a modern embedded board is PICDEM-Z BOARD. This board has excellent features such as high performance core PLCI8F4620, memory and Rf transceiver work with ZigBee protocol. The results show high flexibility and reliability in the measuring and exchanging the data between all the nodes within one second in real time.

Quantum Genetic Algorithm for Highly Constrained Optimization Problems

Quantum computing appears as an alternative solution for solving computationally intractable problems. This paper presents a new constrained quantum genetic algorithm designed specifically for identifying the extreme value of a highly constrained optimization problem, where the search space size _database is massive and unsorted_ cannot be handled by the currently available classical or quantum processor, called the highly constrained quantum genetic algorithm (HCQGA). To validate the efficiency of the suggested quantum method, maximizing the energy efficiency with respect to the target user bit rate of an uplink multi-cell massive multiple-input and multiple- output (MIMO) system is considered as an application. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed HCQGA converges rapidly to the optimum solution compared with its classical benchmark

Nutrient limitation, bioenergetics and stoichiometry: A new model to predict elemental fluxes mediated by fishes

Energy flow and nutrient cycling dictate the functional role of organisms in ecosystems. Fishes are key vectors of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in aquatic systems, and the quantification of elemental fluxes is often achieved by coupling bioenergetics and stoichiometry. While nutrient limitation has been accounted for in several stoichiometric models, there is no current implementation that permits its incorporation into a bioenergetics approach to predict ingestion rates. This may lead to biased estimates of elemental fluxes.Here, we introduce a theoretical framework that combines stoichiometry and bioenergetics with explicit consideration of elemental limitations. We examine varying elemental limitations across different trophic groups and life stages through a case study of three trophically distinct reef fishes. Further, we empirically validate our model using an independent database of measured excretion rates.Our model adequately predicts elemental fluxes in the examined species and reveals species‐ and size‐specific limitations of C, N and P. In line with theoretical predictions, we demonstrate that the herbivore Zebrasoma scopas is limited by N and P, and all three fish species are limited by P in early life stages. Further, we show that failing to account for nutrient limitation can result in a greater than twofold underestimation of ingestion rates, which leads to severely biased excretion rates.Our model improved predictions of ingestion, excretion and egestion rates across all life stages, especially for fishes with diets low in N and/or P. Due to its broad applicability, its reliance on many parameters that are well‐defined and widely accessible, and its straightforward implementation via the accompanying r‐package fishflux, our model provides a user‐friendly path towards a better understanding of ecosystem‐wide nutrient cycling in the aquatic biome.A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/162691/5/fec13618_am.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/162691/4/fec13618-sup-0002-AppendixS1.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/162691/3/fec13618-sup-0001-Summary.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/162691/2/fec13618-sup-0003-AppendixS2.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/162691/1/fec13618.pd

Fish introductions and light modulate food web fluxes in tropical streams: a whole-ecosystem experimental approach

Decades of ecological study have demonstrated the importance of top-down and bottom-up controls on food webs, yet few studies within this context have quantified the magnitude of energy and material fluxes at the whole-ecosystem scale. We examined top-down and bottom-up effects on food web fluxes using a field experiment that manipulated the presence of a consumer, the Trinidadian guppy Poecilia reticulata, and the production of basal resources by thinning the riparian forest canopy to increase incident light. To gauge the effects of these reach-scale manipulations on food web fluxes, we used a nitrogen (N-15) stable isotope tracer to compare basal resource treatments (thinned canopy vs. control) and consumer treatments (guppy introduction vs. control). The thinned canopy stream had higher primary production than the natural canopy control, leading to increased N fluxes to invertebrates that feed on benthic biofilms (grazers), fine benthic organic matter (collector-gatherers), and organic particles suspended in the water column (filter feeders). Stream reaches with guppies also had higher primary productivity and higher N fluxes to grazers and filter feeders. In contrast, N fluxes to collector-gatherers were reduced in guppy introduction reaches relative to upstream controls. N fluxes to leaf-shredding invertebrates, predatory invertebrates, and the other fish species present (Hart\u27s killifish, Anablepsoides hartii) did not differ across light or guppy treatments, suggesting that effects on detritus-based linkages and upper trophic levels were not as strong. Effect sizes of guppy and canopy treatments on N flux rates were similar for most taxa, though guppy effects were the strongest for filter feeding invertebrates while canopy effects were the strongest for collector-gatherer invertebrates. Combined, these results extend previous knowledge about top-down and bottom-up controls on ecosystems by providing experimental, reach-scale evidence that both pathways can act simultaneously and have equally strong influence on nutrient fluxes from inorganic pools through primary consumers