Avaliação da adesão do paciente ao tratamento de doenças crônicas: diferenciando as abordagens epidemiológica e clínica

This review discusses the concepts and methods for assessing patient adherence to treatment, as applied to both epidemiological and clinical approaches within real health care practices. For the epidemiological approach, the assessment must be as accurate as possible. Self-reported questionnaires are the most feasible option in most circumstances, but most demonstrate low sensitivity combined with high specificity. We suggest that self-reported outcomes, where feasible, can increase the sensitivity for non-adherence of these questionnaires. In the clinical approach an accurate distinction between adherents and non-adherents is less useful. For the health provider, it is more important to be aware of the particular situation that each patient is currently experiencing with his/her treatment. Self-reported questionnaires applied in clinical settings can help the health provider to form an objective opinion. In any event, the patient-provider dialogue is still the best approach to assess patient adherence as well as to deliver good care.Esta revisão discute conceitos e métodos de avaliação da adesão do paciente ao tratamento de saúde, aplicáveis para a abordagem epidemiológica e para a abordagem clínica. Na abordagem epidemiológica, a avaliação deve ter a melhor acurácia possível. Os questionários de auto-relato são a opção mais viável na maioria dos contextos. Entretanto, a maior parte dos questionários apresenta baixa sensibilidade aliada a alta especificidade. Sugere-se que o desfecho clínico auto-relatado, quando factível, é capaz de aumentar a sensibilidade desses questionários. Para a abordagem clínica, uma acurada discriminação entre aderentes e não aderentes é pouco útil. Para o profissional de saúde, é mais importante conhecer a situação particular pela qual o paciente está, no momento, passando com seu tratamento. Questionários de auto-relato aplicados no contexto clínico podem auxiliar a melhorar a objetividade da opinião do profissional. Em qualquer caso, contudo, o diálogo paciente-profissional é ainda a melhor abordagem para avaliar a adesão, assim como para prover um bom cuidado

A PREVIEW-New Zealand Sub-Study

As obesity develops, metabolic changes increase the risk of non-communicable diseases such as type 2 diabetes (T2D). Weight loss is crucial for improving health in T2D and cardiometabolic conditions. However, weight loss rates vary between individuals, even with identical diets or energy restrictions, highlighting the need to identify markers or predictors of weight loss success to enhance intervention outcomes. Using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy-based metabolomics, we investigated the change in serum polar metabolites in 28 women with overweight or obesity and prediabetes who completed an 8-week low-energy diet (LED) as part of the PREVIEW (PREVention of diabetes through lifestyle intervention and population studies in Europe and around the World) clinical trial. We aimed to characterize the metabolic shift in substrate oxidation under fixed energy intake (~4 MJ/day) and its relation to weight loss success. Nine of the thirty-four serum metabolites identified significantly changed during the LED phase: 3-hydroxybutyrate, O-acetylcarnitine, 2-hydroxybutyrate, mannose, dimethyl sulfone and isobutyrate increased, whilst choline, creatine and tyrosine decreased. These results confirmed a shift towards lipid oxidation, but no metabolites predicted the response to the LED-induced weight loss. Further studies in larger populations are required to validate these metabolites as biomarkers of diet exposure.publishersversionpublishe

Hopanoides no Miocénico da sondagem de Belverde (Península de Setúbal)

[RESUMO] Neste estudo foram identificados por GC-MS seis hopanoides em amostras de sedimentos recolhidos na sondagem de Belverde, em ambientes marinhos de diferentes andares do Miocénico. A análise quantitativa preliminar, sugere uma diminuição da abundância dos bio-hopanoides com a profundidade de colheita dos sedimentos, o que pode ser interpretado em termos de decaimento diagenético relacionado com o input bacteriano. [ABSTRACT] In  the  present  research,  six  hopanoids  were  identified  by  GC-MS  from  samples  of  sediments  collected  in  the  Miocene  of  the  Belverde  borehole.  Preliminary  quantitative  analysis  suggests  a  downcore  concentration  of  biohopanoids, as a result of a diagenetic decline related to the bacterial input.  (24) (PDF) Hopanoides no Miocénico da sondagem de Belverde (Península de Setúbal). Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249656092_Hopanoides_no_Miocenico_da_sondagem_de_Belverde_Peninsula_de_Setubal [accessed Dec 03 2019].publishersversionpublishe

Facilitation and Competition among Invasive Plants: A Field Experiment with Alligatorweed and Water Hyacinth

Ecosystems that are heavily invaded by an exotic species often contain abundant populations of other invasive species. This may reflect shared responses to a common factor, but may also reflect positive interactions among these exotic species. Armand Bayou (Pasadena, TX) is one such ecosystem where multiple species of invasive aquatic plants are common. We used this system to investigate whether presence of one exotic species made subsequent invasions by other exotic species more likely, less likely, or if it had no effect. We performed an experiment in which we selectively removed exotic rooted and/or floating aquatic plant species and tracked subsequent colonization and growth of native and invasive species. This allowed us to quantify how presence or absence of one plant functional group influenced the likelihood of successful invasion by members of the other functional group. We found that presence of alligatorweed (rooted plant) decreased establishment of new water hyacinth (free-floating plant) patches but increased growth of hyacinth in established patches, with an overall net positive effect on success of water hyacinth. Water hyacinth presence had no effect on establishment of alligatorweed but decreased growth of existing alligatorweed patches, with an overall net negative effect on success of alligatorweed. Moreover, observational data showed positive correlations between hyacinth and alligatorweed with hyacinth, on average, more abundant. The negative effect of hyacinth on alligatorweed growth implies competition, not strong mutual facilitation (invasional meltdown), is occurring in this system. Removal of hyacinth may increase alligatorweed invasion through release from competition. However, removal of alligatorweed may have more complex effects on hyacinth patch dynamics because there were strong opposing effects on establishment versus growth. The mix of positive and negative interactions between floating and rooted aquatic plants may influence local population dynamics of each group and thus overall invasion pressure in this watershed