Musiikkikasvatus osana medialukutaidon opetusta

Tiivistelmä. Kandidaatintutkielmani tutkimuskohteena on musiikkikasvatuksen rooli ja mahdollisuudet medialukutaidon opettamisessa. Medialukutaito on tarpeellinen ja ajankohtainen taito, etenkin nyt, kun uusia ja erilaisia median muotoja ja trendejä tulee jatkuvasti uusia. Musiikki, yhtenä median muotona, voisi olla myös oppiaineena sopiva erilaisten medialukutaidon osa-alueitten oppimiseen ja opettamiseen. Kandidaatintutkielmani tutkimuskysymykset ovat: 1. Kuinka medialukutaito näkyy musiikkikasvatuksessa? 2. Voiko musiikkikasvatuksessa opettaa medialukutaitoa? Kandidaatintutkielmani on kuvaileva ja kommentoiva kirjallisuuskatsaus. Kommentoivuudella tutkielmani tavoitteena on herättää keskustelua ja osoittaa musiikkikasvatuksen aiheista löytynyt tutkimusaukko. Tämän tutkimusaukon vuoksi tutkielmassani on myös mukana integroivan kirjallisuuskatsauksen kriittistä tarkastelua ja pohdintaa, koska medialukutaitoa on tutkittu vähäisesti musiikkikasvatuksen piirissä. Tutkimustuloksissa jäsennän ensimmäisen tutkimuskysymykseni kautta medialukutaidon näkyvyyttä ja näkökulmia musiikkikasvatuksessa. Toinen tutkimuskysymykseni pureutuu musiikkikasvatuksen opetukselliseen rooliin ja vahvuuksiin medialukutaidon opetuksessa. Musiikkikasvatuksessa on mahdollista kaventaa koulun ja kodin välistä kuilua, sisällyttämällä opetukseen oppilaille tuttuja ja ajankohtaisia aiheita ja mediasisältöjä. Haasteena nähdään muun muassa kiusaamisen pelko, sekä opettajien osaamisen, sekä käsitysten ja opetuskäytäntöjen muuttaminen. Samaan aikaan musiikkikasvatuksen vahvuuksiin lukeutuu luovan itseilmaisun ja tuottamisen mahdollistaminen myös medialukutaitoa tukevista näkökulmista. Media ja musiikki ovat osa monien lasten ja nuorten arkea, ja tätä arkisuutta ei saisi opetuksessakaan unohtaa

Effect of abscisic acid and cold acclimation on the cytoskeletal and phosphorylated proteins in different cultivars of Triticum aestivum L.

In winter wheat, the tubulin and 60 kDa-phosphorylated proteins/actin ratio is considerably higher in the roots than in the leaves. Differences in the content of the main cytoskeletal proteins were also found in the leaves of the different cultivars. It is suggested that the lower amount of the tubulin and 60 kDa-phosphorylated proteins and higher content of actin determine the greater tubulin cytoskeletal stability in the leaves and their higher frost resistance, as compared with the roots. Also, it is possible that the higher content of the tubulin and 60 kDa-phosphorylated proteins defines the lower microtubule (MT) stability in the leaves of the low frost resistant cultivar than in the leaves of the more frost resistant ones. In the roots and leaves of the low frost resistant cultivar, the low stability of the numerous tubulin structures is apparently one reason for the abscisic acid (ABA)-induced reduction of the cytoskeletal and 60 kDa-phosphorylated proteins in the cells. The cold acclimation compensated the ABA effect in the roots of the very frost resistant cultivar in the most extent. This suggests the existence of the different pathways in the increased plant cell frost resistance through the action of ABA and low temperature. (C) Academic Press

The microtubule stability increases in abscisic acid-treated and cold-acclimated differentiating vascular root tissues of wheat

The effects of low temperature and exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) on the structure of microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton in root cells of three winter wheat cultivars with different frost resistance were investigated with immunocytochemical and related methods. The effects of the different treatments on the MT cytoskeleton were measured as tolerance to the MT depolymerising agent, oryzalin. The cold acclimation (3°C, 7 d) and ABA treatment (30 μmol/L ABA in the growth medium) of the plants increased the MT stability in differentiating vascular tissue of roots but not in the root meristem or elongation zone. The comparison of the structure of MT cytoskeleton in differentiating vascular tissue from control, cold-acclimated, ABA-treated and both cold-acclimated and ABA-treated roots of different wheat cultivars indicated that the changes in the structure of MT cytoskeleton were modified by the genotype of the wheat cultivar. An oryzalin-sensitive MT cytoskeleton was typical to the cold-resistant cultivars, in which it appeared to respond efficiently to ABA treatment and to cold acclimation by cytoskeletal changes that may improve the cold resistance of the cultivar

Gene expression in fungi

This contribution is based on the four presentations made at the Special Interest Group (SIG) meeting titled Gene Expression in Fungi held during IMC9 in Edinburgh. This overview is independent from other articles published or that will be published by each speaker. In the SIG meeting, basic principles of in vivo animal models for virulence studies were discussed. Infection associated genes of Candida albicans and fungal adaptation to the host was summarized. Azole susceptibility was evaluated as a combined result of several changes in expression of pertinent genes. Gene transfer in fungi, resulting in fungal evolution and gene adaptation to environmental factors, was reported

Comparative Genomics of the Mating-Type Loci of the Mushroom Flammulina velutipes Reveals Widespread Synteny and Recent Inversions

Mating-type loci of mushroom fungi contain master regulatory genes that control recognition between compatible nuclei, maintenance of compatible nuclei as heterokaryons, and fruiting body development. Regions near mating-type loci in fungi often show adapted recombination, facilitating the generation of novel mating types and reducing the production of self-compatible mating types. Compared to other fungi, mushroom fungi have complex mating-type systems, showing both loci with redundant function (subloci) and subloci with many alleles. The genomic organization of mating-type loci has been solved in very few mushroom species, which complicates proper interpretation of mating-type evolution and use of those genes in breeding programs.We report a complete genetic structure of the mating-type loci from the tetrapolar, edible mushroom Flammulina velutipes mating type A3B3. Two matB3 subloci, matB3a that contains a unique pheromone and matB3b, were mapped 177 Kb apart on scaffold 1. The matA locus of F. velutipes contains three homeodomain genes distributed over 73 Kb distant matA3a and matA3b subloci. The conserved matA region in Agaricales approaches 350 Kb and contains conserved recombination hotspots showing major rearrangements in F. velutipes and Schizophyllum commune. Important evolutionary differences were indicated; separation of the matA subloci in F. velutipes was diverged from the Coprinopsis cinerea arrangement via two large inversions whereas separation in S. commune emerged through transposition of gene clusters.In our study we determined that the Agaricales have very large scale synteny at matA (∼350 Kb) and that this synteny is maintained even when parts of this region are separated through chromosomal rearrangements. Four conserved recombination hotspots allow reshuffling of large fragments of this region. Next to this, it was revealed that large distance subloci can exist in matB as well. Finally, the genes that were linked to specific mating types will serve as molecular markers in breeding

Evidence for maintenance of sex determinants but not of sexual stages in red yeasts, a group of early diverged basidiomycetes

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The red yeasts are an early diverged group of basidiomycetes comprising sexual and asexual species. Sexuality is based on two compatible mating types and sexual identity is determined by <it>MAT </it>loci that encode homeodomain transcription factors, peptide pheromones and their receptors. The objective of the present study was to investigate the presence and integrity of <it>MAT </it>genes throughout the phylogenetic diversity of red yeasts belonging to the order Sporidiobolales.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We surveyed 18 sexual heterothallic and self-fertile species and 16 asexual species. Functional pheromone receptor homologues (<it>STE3.A1 </it>and <it>STE3.A2</it>) were found in multiple isolates of most of the sexual and asexual species. For each of the two mating types, sequence comparisons with whole-genome data indicated that synteny tended to be conserved along the pheromone receptor region. For the homeodomain transcription factor, likelihood methods suggested that diversifying selection acting on the self/non-self recognition region promotes diversity in sexual species, while rapid evolution seems to be due to relaxed selection in asexual strains.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The majority of both sexual and asexual species of red yeasts have functional pheromone receptors and homeodomain homologues. This and the frequent existence of asexual strains within sexual species, makes the separation between sexual and asexual species imprecise. Events of loss of sexuality seem to be recent and frequent, but not uniformly distributed within the Sporidiobolales. Loss of sex could promote speciation by fostering the emergence of asexual lineages from an ancestral sexual stock, but does not seem to contribute to the generation of exclusively asexual lineages that persist for a long time.</p