El costo del silencio: Violencia doméstica en las Américas

El costo del silencio es una colección de ensayos realizados por expertos internacionales provenientes de diversas disciplinas: desde psicólogos hasta doctores, desde economistas hasta comunicadores sociales. En varios capítulos de este libro se ponen de relieve los grandes costos que la violencia doméstica acarrea para las mujeres maltratadas y para la sociedad en conjunto. Estos cálculos escalofriantes no deben llevar a la parálisis o a la inacción; más bien, deben fortalecer nuestra determinación de tomar medidas concretas a fin de abordar el problema. Los autores de este libro proporcionan orientación para comenzar esta tarea, describiendo estrategias eficaces para reducir la violencia doméstica y ofrecer servicios a las mujeres maltratadas. Además, señalan las lagunas del conocimiento que debemos llenar para avanzar hacia la erradicación de la violencia. Esta compilación de lecturas se originó en la conferencia titulada "Violencia doméstica en América Latina y el Caribe: costos, políticas y programas", que se realizó en octubre de 1997.

Analysis of the Binding of Expansin Exl1, from Pectobacterium carotovorum, to Plant Xylem and Comparison to EXLX1 from Bacillus subtilis

The plant xylem is a preferred niche for some important bacterial phytopathogens, some of them encoding expansin proteins, which bind plant cell walls. Yet, the identity of the substrate for bacterial expansins within the plant cell wall and the nature of its interaction with it are poorly known. Here, we determined the localization of two bacterial expansins with differing isoelectric points (and with differing binding patterns to cell wall extracts) on plant tissue through in vitro fluorophore labeling and confocal imaging. Differential localization was observed, in which Exl1 from Pectobacterium carotovorum located into the intercellular spaces between xylem vessels and adjacent cells of the plant xylem, whereas EXLX1 from Bacillus subtilis bound cell walls of most cell types. In isolated vascular tissue, however, both <i>Pc</i>Exl1 and <i>Bs</i>EXLX1 preferentially bound to tracheary elements over the xylem fibers, even though both are composed of secondary cell walls. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, employed to analyze the interaction of expansins with isolated xylem, indicates that binding is governed by more than one factor, which could include interaction with more than one type of polymer in the fibers, such as cellulose and hemicellulose or pectin. Binding to different polysaccharides could explain the observed reduction of cellulolytic and xylanolytic activities in the presence of expansin, possibly because of competition for the substrate. Our findings are relevant for the comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis by P. carotovorum during xylem invasion, a process in which Exl1 might be involved

II Consenso Colombiano para el Manejo de la Osteoporosis Posmenopáusica

The Colombian Osteoporosis and Mineral Metabolism Association met in early 2017 to update the Colombian Consensus on Osteoporosis. This was first issued in 2005, and is seen as a necessary step in view of the underdiagnosed status of this disease, and the expected impact of population ageing. A technical team was formed with specialists with long experience across multiple disciplines, who were assigned to four working groups: definitions and epidemiology, diagnosis, pharmacological treatment, and non-pharmacological treatment. After a scientific literature review and a series of meetings, the definitions and recommendations are summarised in this article. © 2018 Asociación Colombiana de Reumatologí

II Consenso Colombiano para el Manejo de la Osteoporosis Posmenopáusica

The Colombian Osteoporosis and Mineral Metabolism Association met in early 2017 to update the Colombian Consensus on Osteoporosis. This was first issued in 2005, and is seen as a necessary step in view of the underdiagnosed status of this disease, and the expected impact of population ageing. A technical team was formed with specialists with long experience across multiple disciplines, who were assigned to four working groups: definitions and epidemiology, diagnosis, pharmacological treatment, and non-pharmacological treatment. After a scientific literature review and a series of meetings, the definitions and recommendations are summarised in this article. © 2018 Asociación Colombiana de Reumatologí