<span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans";mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Mangal; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;color:#00000A;mso-ansi-language:EN-US; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">Alkylation of <i>p</i>-cresol with cyclohexene in the presence of benzenesulphonic acid</span>

292-294<span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:" calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:="" "dejavu="" sans";mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:mangal;="" mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;color:#00000a;mso-ansi-language:en-us;="" mso-fareast-language:en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="">2-Cyclohexyl-4-metylphenol was obtained in high yield by the alkylation of p-cresol with cyclohexene in the presence of benzenesulphonic acid. The effect of variation of parameters on the reaction has been investigated. 2-Cyclohexyl-4-methylphenolwas further converted to 2, 6-dicyclohexyl-4-methylphenol.</span

Studies on locally available three anti-diabetic herbal medicines

Herbal medicines are being used for the treatment of different diseases for centuries. Sustainable development of herbal medicines need the study of their safety, efficacy and standardization are essential. Two commercially available herbal medicines i.e., Ziabetes (dolabi) and Jambadayrist, and a folkloric medicine prepared from four plant materials by a local practitioners were investigated for their chemical compositions.  Four compounds were isolated from the extracts of these medicines by silica gel column chromatography. Oleic acid and p-hydroxycinnamic acid were isolated from the aqueous 80%ethanol extract of the folkloric medicine whereas benzoic acid was found to be present in Ziabetes and Jambadayrist. The present investigation revealed that excessive amount of benzoic acid (or sodium benzoate) is being added as preservative in commercial herbal medicines

ANTIHYPERGLYCEMIC EFFECT OF BRIDELIA NDELLENSIS ETHANOL EXTRACT AND FRACTIONS IN STREPTOZOTOCIN-INDUCED DIABETIC RATS

The effects of the ethanol extract (1.25 g/kg) and fractions (1 g/kg) of Bridelia ndellensis stem bark on the blood glucose levels in streptozotocin-induced types 1 and 2 diabetic rats at different prandial states were studied. The ethanol extract of B. ndellensis had no hypoglycemic effect in type 1 diabetic rats in fasting and postprandial glucose load conditions and, in type 2 diabetic rats in fasting condition. However, the extract, and its ethyl acetate and dichloromethane fractions significantly lowered blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetic rats when fed simultaneously with glucose. The active principles responsible for the antihyperglycaemic effect are concentrated in the ethyl acetate and dichloromethane fractions of the extract

Antihyperglycemic effect of Bridelia ndellensis ethanol extract and fractions in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

The effects of the ethanol extract (1.25 g/kg) and fractions (1 g/kg) of Bridelia ndellensis stem bark on the blood glucose levels in streptozotocin-induced types 1 and 2 diabetic rats at different prandial states were studied. The ethanol extract of B. ndellensis had no hypoglycemic effect in type 1 diabetic rats in fasting and postprandial glucose load conditions and, in type 2 diabetic rats in fasting condition. However, the extract, and its ethyl acetate and dichloromethane fractions significantly lowered blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetic rats when fed simultaneously with glucose. The active principles responsible for the antihyperglycaemic effect are concentrated in the ethyl acetate and dichloromethane fractions of the extract

Elucidation of anti-hyperglycemic activity of Psidium guajava L. leaves extract on streptozotocin induced neonatal diabetic Long-Evans rats

Background: Psidium guajava L (Guava) belongs to the Myrtaceae family and has been claimed to possess several pharmacological properties including antidiabetic. Objective: This study was designed to evaluate the anti-hyperglycemic activity of P guajava L leaves aqueous extract on neonatal streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic model rats. Methods: Streptozotocin was induced (90 mg/kg) intraperitoneally to 48 h old Long Evans rat pups. After three months, 18 male type-2 diabetic model rats were confirmed by OGTT (FG > 7 mmol/L). Therefore, experimental rats were divided into three groups 2) Diabetic water control (10 ml/kg), 3) Gliclazide treated (20 mg/kg), and 4) Extract treated group (1.25g/kg)] Six normal female rats comprised group 1 [Non-diabetic water control (10 ml/kg)]. All rats were treated orally with their respective treatment for 28 consecutive days. Blood samples were collected on 0 days (by tail cut method) and the end day (by cardiac puncture) of the experiment. The anti-hyperglycemic activity was evaluated by measuring fasting glucose, serum insulin, lipid profile, hepatic glycogen content, and intestinal glucose absorption by standard methods. Results: The serum glucose level of extract treated group was decreased by 16% as well as significantly (p<0.05) increased the serum insulin level (M±SD, 0 day vs 28thday; 0.319 ± 0.110 vs 0.600 ± 0.348, μg/L). Moreover, the extract-treated group also significantly (p<0.05) enhanced liver glycogen content and inhibited glucose absorption from the upper intestine. Besides, a significant (p < 0.05) reduction of LDL-cholesterol level was found in the extract-treated group (M±SD, 55 ± 33 vs 14 ± 9, mg/dl) compared with baseline values where other groups did not show any statistically remarkable changes. Conclusion: Current study concludes that P guajava leaves aqueous extract enhances insulin secretion from pancreatic beta-cells and promotes glycogen synthesis in the liver. The extract also inhibits glucose absorption from the upper intestine and improves dyslipidemia to some extent. Therefore, possesses the potential for drug development against T2DM