An exploration of the psychosocial effects that school-age children with Child Absence Epilepsy (CAE) experience when their condition is misdiagnosed as Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

In today's society, the misdiagnosis of school-age children with the neurological condition Child Absence Epilepsy (CAE) as having Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has a low profile. This may be because of the lack of popular awareness of CAE. The increasing social salience towards the neuropsychological condition of ADHD places these children at risk of experiencing high psychosocial effects. Many symptoms of CAE are also associated with ADHD. However if the condition is misdiagnosed as ADHD, the child with CAE is often mistreated, both medically and socially until the correct diagnosis is made. There is little research available on the psychosocial effects of the misdiagnosis of epilepsy as ADHD, and none available relating to CAE. This research study uses case study methodology to focus on how children with CAE are psychosocially affected at the time of the misdiagnosis of ADHD and subsequently. It also explores the experiences of their parents. An in-depth interview method was adopted to gather the personal recollections of these effects directly from the ten participants in this study. The participants were found with the assistance of Epilepsy Australia and constituted one adolescent from five different families who had experienced the sequence of events and effects under investigation, and a parent (guardian) who cared for these children during this period. The findings of this research indicate that as a result of labelling, these children were misjudged in their communities, leaving strong psychosocial effects on each of the child participants who had previously been misdiagnosed with ADHD. These effects include low self-esteem, insecurity and fear experienced most often in the company of peers. As a result, when reaching adulthood, most of these participants chose to isolate themselves from social contact whenever possible. The findings offer a basis for further research in the area

Evaluation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Circassian cheese by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in traditional/industrial smoked and unsmoked Circassian cheeses available in Turkish markets were analysed using solid-phase extraction, followed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. Mean levels of a total of 9 PAHs in smoked traditional and industrial Circassian cheeses were 19.6 and 6.73?gkg -1 , while levels in unsmoked traditional and industrial cheeses were 0.77 and 0.49?gkg -1 , respectively. The dominant individual PAHs found were naphthalene and acenaphthene. Benzo[a]pyrene, a marker compound representing carcinogenic PAHs, was found in 90% and 30% of traditional smoked and unsmoked Circassian cheeses, 52% and 24% of industrial smoked and unsmoked cheeses, respectively. Correlation statistical analysis showed that benzo[a]pyrene was a good marker for total 9 PAHs in Circassian cheese samples (r B[a]P/sum of 9 PAHs =0.816, p<0.01) as well as the best marker for 5 carcinogenic PAHs (r B[a]P/carcinogenic PAHs =0.904, p<0.01). Risk assessment conducted using daily intakes of sum of 9 PAH levels found in both traditional and industrial smoked Circassian cheese samples showed high risk compared with unsmoked cheeses. © 2014 Elsevier Inc

Effect of high pressure homogenization (HPH) on microstructure and rheological properties of hazelnut milk

The effect of high pressure homogenization (HPH) on microstructure and rheological properties of hazelnut milks was investigated. Hazelnut milk samples were produced from cold pressed hazelnut cake and homogenized up to 150 MPa pressure. Microstructural and rheological properties of products, except temperature sweep, were greatly affected by HPH treatments. Homogenized samples showed significant reduction in particle size, which turned from bimodal and poly-disperse to monodisperse distributions. HPH decreased the consistency of products from 91.82 to 0.51 Pa.sn and increased flow behavior index from 0.15 to 0.36. All samples showed higher values G? than G?, which indicates that samples could be classified as soft-gel network, and hazelnut milk samples did not obey the Cox-Merz rule without multiplying angular frequency with shift factor. In conclusion, HPH can be used to reduce the consistency of samples and the friction loss, thus minimizing the amount of energy required to flow during processing and distribution. Industrial relevance. Vegetable based beverages are available at any supermarket as an alternative to dairy products with an increasing consumer acceptance. Between these beverages hazelnut milk samples are the most noteworthy products due to important role in human nutrition and health, and moreover due to well accepted and widely consumed product. Due to its composition, hazelnut milks have very high consistency, and therefore, the energy consumption for processing and handling is too high. In this research, the high pressure homogenization (HPH) technology was successfully proposed to be used for improving microstructural properties, and hence reducing its consistency. The energy consumption during processing and distribution can be minimized by reducing the consistency and friction losses of product. © 2017 Elsevier Lt

Fluoxetine, not donepezil, reverses anhedonia, cognitive dysfunctions and hippocampal proteome changes during repeated social defeat exposure

While anhedonia is considered a core symptom of major depressive disorder (MDD), less attention has been paid to cognitive dysfunctions. We evaluated the behavioural and molecular effects of a selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor (SSRI, fluoxetine) and an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (AChEI, donepezil) on emotional-cognitive endophenotypes of depression and the hippocampal proteome. A chronic social defeat (SD) procedure was followed up by "reminder" sessions of direct and indirect SD. Anhedonia-related behaviour was assessed longitudinally by intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS). Cognitive dysfunction was analysed by an object recognition test (ORT) and extinction of fear memory. Tandem mass spectrometry (MSE) and protein protein -interaction (PPI) network modelling were used to characterise the underlying biological processes of SD and SSRI/AChEl treatment. Independent selected reaction monitoring (SRM) was conducted for molecular validation. Repeated SD resulted in a stable increase of anhedonia-like behaviour as measured by ICSS. Fluoxetine treatment reversed this phenotype, whereas donepezil showed no effect. Fluoxetine improved recognition memory and inhibitory learning in a stressor-related context, whereas donepezil only improved fear extinction. MSE and PPI network analysis highlighted functional SD stress-related hippocampal proteome changes including reduced glutamatergic neurotransmission and learning processes, which were reversed by fluoxetine, but not by donepezil. SRM validation of molecular key players involved in these pathways confirmed the hypothesis that fluoxetine acts via increased AMPA receptor signalling and Ca2+-mediated neuroplasticity in the amelioration of stress-impaired reward processing and memory consolidation. Our study highlights molecular mediators of SD stress reversed by SSRI treatment, identifying potential viable future targets to improve cognitive dysfunctions in MDD patients. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. and ECNP. All rights reserved

Nanoencapsulation of Cyanidin 3-O-Glucoside: Purpose, Technique, Bioavailability, and Stability

The current growing attractiveness of natural dyes around the world is a consequence of the increasing rejection of synthetic dyes whose use is increasingly criticized. The great interest in natural pigments from herbal origin such as cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (C3G) is due to their biological properties and their health benefits. However, the chemical instability of C3G during processing and storage and its low bioavailability limits its food application. Nanoencapsulation technology using appropriate nanocarriers is revolutionizing the use of anthocyanin, including C3G. Owing to the chemical stability and functional benefits that this new nanotechnology provides to the latter, its industrial application is now extending to the pharmaceutical and cosmetic fields. This review focuses on the various nanoencapsulation techniques used and the chemical and biological benefits induced to C3G