AUX1-mediated root hair auxin influx governs SCFTIR1/AFB-type Ca2+ signaling

Auxin is a key regulator of plant growth and development, but the causal relationship between hormone transport and root responses remains unresolved. Here we describe auxin uptake, together with early steps in signaling, in Arabidopsis root hairs. Using intracellular microelectrodes we show membrane depolarization, in response to IAA in a concentration- and pH-dependent manner. This depolarization is strongly impaired in aux1 mutants, indicating that AUX1 is the major transporter for auxin uptake in root hairs. Local intracellular auxin application triggers Ca2+ signals that propagate as long-distance waves between root cells and modulate their auxin responses. AUX1-mediated IAA transport, as well as IAA- triggered calcium signals, are blocked by treatment with the SCFTIR1/AFB - inhibitor auxinole. Further, they are strongly reduced in the tir1afb2afb3 and the cngc14 mutant. Our study reveals that the AUX1 transporter, the SCFTIR1/AFB receptor and the CNGC14 Ca2+ channel, mediate fast auxin signaling in roots

The chemical compound 'Heatin' stimulates hypocotyl elongation and interferes with the Arabidopsis NIT1-subfamily of nitrilases

Temperature passively affects biological processes involved in plant growth. Therefore, it is challenging to study the dedicated temperature signalling pathways that orchestrate thermomorphogenesis, a suite of elongation growth-based adaptations that enhance leaf-cooling capacity. We screened a chemical library for compounds that restored hypocotyl elongation in the pif4-2-deficient mutant background at warm temperature conditions in Arabidopsis thaliana to identify modulators of thermomorphogenesis. The small aromatic compound 'Heatin', containing 1-iminomethyl-2-naphthol as a pharmacophore, was selected as an enhancer of elongation growth. We show that ARABIDOPSIS ALDEHYDE OXIDASES redundantly contribute to Heatin-mediated hypocotyl elongation. Following a chemical proteomics approach, the members of the NITRILASE1-subfamily of auxin biosynthesis enzymes were identified among the molecular targets of Heatin. Our data reveal that nitrilases are involved in promotion of hypocotyl elongation in response to high temperature and Heatin-mediated hypocotyl elongation requires the NITRILASE1-subfamily members, NIT1 and NIT2. Heatin inhibits NIT1-subfamily enzymatic activity in vitro and the application of Heatin accordingly results in the accumulation of NIT1-subfamily substrate indole-3-acetonitrile in vivo. However, levels of the NIT1-subfamily product, bioactive auxin (indole-3-acetic acid), were also significantly increased. It is likely that the stimulation of hypocotyl elongation by Heatin might be independent of its observed interaction with NITRILASE1-subfamily members. However, nitrilases may contribute to the Heatin response by stimulating indole-3-acetic acid biosynthesis in an indirect way. Heatin and its functional analogues present novel chemical entities for studying auxin biology

Analisis Eksperimen pada Korosi Pelat Baja yang Mengalami Beban Tekuk

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi sisa kapasitas kekuatan korosi pelat baja yang terlihat pada bagian struktur baja yang mengalami beban tekuk agar tetap pada kondisi layak digunakan, hingga perlu pebaikan atau rekonstruksi pada waktu yang tepat. Pelat baja ini diperoleh dari potongan girder jembatan yang mengalami korosi karena adanya reaksi kimia dengan lingkungan sekitarnya selama bertahun-tahun dan mereduksi ketebalannya serta membentuk permukaannya menjadi irreguler. Kemudian, spesimen uji tersebut dibentuk sesuai standar specimen pengujian Japanese Industrial Standard JIS No. 5 dan dianalisis secara eksperimen untuk mengevaluasi sisa kapasitas kekuatannya. Parameter yang diperhitungkan pada pengujian ini yaitu nilai ketebalan minimum, permukaan irregular korosi baja dan eksentrisitasnya. Dari hasil pengujian korosi pelat baja yang mengalami beban tekuk kompresi ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa konfigurasi permukaan dan eksentrisitasnya menurunkan kemampuan korosipelat baja dalam memikul beban