Petrological Insights into Shifts in Eruptive Styles at Volcán Llaima (Chile)

Tephra and lava pairs from two summit eruptions (ad 2008 and 1957) and a flank fissure eruption (∼ ad 1850) are compared in terms of textures, phenocryst contents, and mineral zoning patterns to shed light on processes responsible for the shifts in eruption style during typical eruptive episodes at Volcán Llaima (Andean Southern Volcanic Zone, Chile). The mineralogy and whole-rock compositions of tephra and lavas are similar within eruptive episodes, suggesting a common magma reservoir for Strombolian paroxysms and lava effusion. The zoning profiles and textures of plagioclase record successive and discrete intrusions of volatile-rich mafic magma accompanied by mixing of these recharge magmas with the resident basaltic-andesitic crystal mushes that are commonly present at shallow levels in the Llaima system. Each recharge event destabilizes the plagioclase in equilibrium with the resident crystal mush melt and stabilizes relatively An-rich plagioclase, as is recorded by the numerous resorption zones. Lavas typically have ∼15-20 vol. % more phenocrysts than the tephra. Differences in plagioclase and olivine textures and zoning, combined with different phenocryst contents, indicate that a greater volume fraction of recharge magma is present in the explosively erupted magma than in subsequent effusively erupted magma. We propose that Strombolian paroxysms at Volcán Llaima are triggered by interactions with large volume fractions of recharge magma, which decrease the bulk viscosity and increase the volatile contents of the erupted magmas, leading to the conditions required for the fragmentation of basaltic-andesite. Lava effusion ensues from reduced interactions with the recharge magma, after it has partially degassed and crystallized, thereby impeding rapid ascent. This process could be operating at other steady-state basaltic volcanoes, wherein shallow reservoirs are periodically refilled by fresh, volatile-rich magma

H(3)tren (3+) and H(4)tren (4+) fluoride zirconates or tantalates

Four new [H(3)tren](3+) or [H(4)tren](4+) fluoride zirconates and two new [H(3)tren](3+) fluoride tantalates are evidenced in the (ZrF4 or Ta2O5)-tren-HFaq.-ethanol systems at 190 degrees C: the structurally related phases [H(4)tren]center dot(Zr2F12)center dot H2O and alpha-[H(4)tren](center dot)(Zr2F12) (P2(1)2(1)2(1)). beta-[H(4)tren]center dot(Zr2F12) (P2(1/c)), [H(3)tren](4)center dot(ZrF8)(3)center dot 4H(2)O (123). beta-[H(3)tren](2)center dot(Ta3O2F16)center dot(F) (R32) and its monoclinic distortion alpha-[H(3)rren](2)center dot(Ta3O2F16)center dot(F) (C2/m). alpha and beta-[H(4)tren]center dot(Zr2F12) and [H(4)tren]center dot(Zr2F12)center dot H2O are built up from (Zr2F12) dimers of edge sharing ZrF7 polyhedra while isolated ZrF8 dodecahedra are found in [H(3)tren](4)center dot(ZrF8)(3)center dot 4H(2)O. Linear (Ta3O2F16) trimers build et and beta-[H(3)tren](2)center dot(Ta3O2F16)center dot(F); they consist of two (TaOF6) pentagonal bipyramids that are linked to two opposite oxygen atoms of one central (TaO2F4) octahedron. A disorder affects the equatorial fluorine atoms of the trimers and eventually carbon or nitrogen atoms of [H(3)tren](3+) cations. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Asymmetric Synthesis of Cyclohexene Nucleoside Analogues

The asymmetric synthesis of novel cyclohexene nucleoside analogues 12 and 15 is described. An enantiospecific DielsAlder reaction between (E,E)-diene 2 and (+)-5-(D-mentyloxy)-2(5H)- furanone 3 provided the cycloadduct isomer 4. Three additional steps yielded amine 8 allowing the constructions of the thymine and adenine moieties to afford intermediates 11 and 14, respectively. Amination or cyclization and removal of the protecting groups occurred in one step in the presence of ammonia, giving the target six-membered ring nucleosides

A short review of constructing noise map using crowdsensing technology

The advent of crowdsensing technology has provided a promising possibility for monitoring noise pollution in large-scale areas. Constructing noise map by using mobile smart phones in a cost-effective manner is being widely used in the city and industrial plants. In this short paper, the state-of-the-art crowdsensing-based noise map applications are first summarized. Furthermore, open research challenges associated with building up noise map are highlighted

Diethyl­enetriaminium hexa­fluorido­titanate(IV) fluoride

The title compound, (C6H21N4)[TiF6]F, was synthesized by the reaction of TiO2, tris­(2-amino­ethyl)amine, HF and ethanol at 463 K in a microwave oven. The crystal structure consists of two crystallographically independent [TiF6]2− anions, two fluoride anions and two triply-protonated tris­(2-amino­ethyl)­amine cations. The Ti atoms are coordinated by six F atoms within slightly distorted octa­hedra. The anions and cations are connected by inter­molecular N—H⋯F hydrogen bonds

A modified vimentin histological score helps recognize pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma in small biopsy samples

Background: As pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinomas (PSCs) are life-threatening tumors, an improvement in their recognition in small-sized tumor samples is clinically warranted. Materials and Methods: Preoperative biopsy samples and paired surgical specimens from 20 pleomorphic carcinomas, two pulmonary blastomas and one carcinosarcoma (training set) were studied for vimentin immunohistochemistry. A modified vimentin histologic score (M-VHS) was devised by multiplying three independently assessed parameters, i.e. the percentage of positive cells (from 0 to 5+, by quintiles), the intensity of immunostaining (low=1 vs. strong=2) and the distribution pattern within the cytoplasm (partial=1 vs. diffuse=2), so ranging from 0 to 20. Forty-eight consecutive and independent cases of non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), including two additional cases of PSC, were used as control groups (validation set). Results: No differences in M-VHS were found between biopsies and surgical specimens of PSC, thus confirming the occurrence of stable epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and hence the specific diagnosis of PSC. All types of PSC shared the same M-VHS. The M-VHS of 46 conventional NSCLC was by far lower (p<0.0001), whereas two additional cases of PSC showed the same results as the training set. Poorly differentiated NSCLC with marked pleomorphism but not stable EMT did not exhibit significantly increased M-VHS values. Conclusion: M-VHS helped in morphological analysis to render more definite diagnoses on small biopsies of PSC

Case mix at the European Institute of Oncology: first report of the Tumour Registry, 2000–2002

Introduction: An institutional and centralized hospital-based tumour registry (TR) is the ideal supporting tool for the organization and management of clinical data in a comprehensive cancer centre. The purpose of this paper is to describe the development of the TR at the European Institute of Oncology (IEO) in Milan, Italy, from its origin to its current applications. Material and methods: After a series of meetings with members of administrative, clinical, research and informatics departments, the TR was activated in March 2006 with the aim to collect data on all the individuals referring to the Institute, with or at risk of developing a tumour. It was implemented on an Oracle\u2122-based interface. A minimum data set of variables was defined and data collection was divided into four forms, which together gather all the relevant data on patients, tumours, treatments and subsequent events. Results: After a 6-month pilot period, which involved the training of the tumour registrars, adjustments to the structure of the registry, development of data quality control procedure and finalization of the operative protocol, from September 2006 the data collection has been fully operative. Five registrars have been chronologically entering data of all individuals who visited the IEO for the first time since 1st January 2000. As of March 2009, data on 69,637 individuals and 43,567 tumours has been reviewed, recoded and registered in the TR. Twenty-two percent of the tumours (n=9,578) were first invasive primaries, diagnosed and treated in IEO; the most common sites were breast (n=4,972), lung (n=627), intestines (n=479) and prostate (n=376). Conclusion: The IEO TR has been proven functional and reliable in monitoring the activity of the Hospital, allowing extraction of data from any subpopulation with characteristics of interest. The structured and centralized TR represents an important tool for our research-oriented Institution