Solvency as a Fundamental Constraint on LOLR Policy for Independent Central Banks: Principles, History, Law

This paper follows up earlier work advocating a principled modernization of doctrines for central bank lender-of-last-resort policies and operations. It argues for a new Fundamental Constraint on such authorities: namely, “the principle that central banks should not lend to firms that they know (or should know) to be fundamentally bust or broken.” Tucker supports this with commentary from various peers, a review of principles underlying bankruptcy law and resolution schemes, and by deconstructing other common counterarguments. Centrally, he argues that when central banks breach the Fundamental Constraint, they distribute resources to short-term creditors at the expense of longer-term creditors, acting as though they are the elected fiscal authority, and so violating some of the deepest values of constitutional democracy as well as jeopardizing their own independence. Using examples from canonical 19th century crises and the Lehman episode during 2008/09 Great Financial Crisis, he illustrates how the Fundamental Constraint can help make sense of certain decisions, and how it should shape a re-articulation of the published policies of the Federal Reserve and European Central Bank

A new species of Daldinia (Xylariaceae) from the Argentine subtropical montane forest

Based on a combination of morphological, molecular phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic evidence, a new species of Daldinia from Northwest of Argentina is described. Daldinia korfii is morphologically related to D. placentiformis, but differs in having brown vinaceous, KOH-extractable pigments and the tissue below the perithecial layer is composed of inconspicuous to conspicuous alternating zones in the new taxon.Fil: Sir, Esteban Benjamin. Fundación Miguel Lillo. Dirección de Botánica. Instituto de Micologia; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Lambert, C.. Helmholtz-Zentrum für Infektionsforschung; AlemaniaFil: Wendt, L.. Helmholtz-Zentrum für Infektionsforschung; AlemaniaFil: Hladki, Adriana Ines. Fundación Miguel Lillo. Dirección de Botánica. Instituto de Micologia; ArgentinaFil: Romero, Andrea Irene. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Micología y Botánica. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Micología y Botánica; ArgentinaFil: Stadler, M.. Helmholtz-Zentrum für Infektionsforschung; Alemani

Penggunaan Gypsum Block Untuk Mengukur Kadar Air Pada Tanah Lempung

The test of soil moisture content that most often method applied is gravimetric. By the development of sciences, nowdays a sensor device test on soil moisture content that is called gypsum block. Such devices could be directed inplanted in the place where the moisture content would be measured. This research aimed at getting the calibration equation and correlation coefficient of gypsum block and to determine whethergypsum block could be used as a test of moisture content of clay. The kind of sample was taken from Oebelo village, Central Kupang Subdistrict, East Nusa Tenggara and variations of water used were 15%, 20%, 30.7% and 40%, and total samples were 20. The results of the research revealed that calibration equation of gypsum block to the measurements for 7 days (constant resistantion) was Y=1.323x-0.54 by r = 0.835. The results of field testing and compared with gravimetric method obtained difference moisture content value in the range of 0.26%-2.56%. From the results it could be concluded that the gypsum block could be used as a device to measure the moisture content of clay

Pengujian Kuat Tekan Dan Kuat Lentur Material Pengganti Kayu Dengan Campuran Serat Nilon

Kayu dimanfaatkan untuk memenuhi berbagai kebutuhan manusia sebagai bahan konstruksi. Pemanfaatan ini berdampak pada penebangan hutan dan menimbulkan kerusakan lingkungan. Untuk itu, diperlukan alternatif lain bahan konstruksi sebagai pengganti kayu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kuat tekan dan kuat lentur dari material pengganti kayu dengan variasi campuran serat nilon. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode eksperimen dengan 4 variasi campuran serat nilon yaitu: campuran 5%, 10%, 15%, dan 20% dari berat semen dengan perbandingan campuran 1 semen : 0.25 bubuk kertas : 1.25 air. Untuk uji tekan dibuat 12 benda uji dengan ukuran 200 mm x 50 mm x 50 mm. Benda uji yang digunakan pada pengujian kuat lentur adalah 12 benda uji dengan ukuran 600 mm x 50 mm x 50 mm. Dari hasil penelitian dan analisis data diperoleh nilai kuat tekan dan kuat lentur dari ke empat campuran tersebut adalah sebagai berikut: untuk hasil pengujian kuat tekan dari material pengganti kayu untuk variasi campuran serat nilon 5%, 10%, 15%, dan 20% berturut-turut adalah 4,58 MPa, 5,33 MPa, 6,90 MPa, 7,07 MPa. Sedangkan untuk Hasil pengujian kuat lentur material pengganti kayu dengan campuran serat nilon dengan variasi 5%, 10%,15% dan 20% campuran serat nilon dari berat semen berturut-turut adalah 3,45 Mpa 7,45 MPa, 9,25 MPa dan 10,65 MPa. Dengan demikian, hasil pengujian menunjukan peningkatan kekuatan, baik itu kuat tekan maupun kuat lentur ketika terjadi penambahan presentasi jumlah campuran serat nilon hingga 20% terhadap berat semen. Wood are used for meet human needs as a construction material. The utilization of wood impact to deforestation and environmental damage. Therefore, it needed another alternative construction materials instead of wood. This research aims to know the compressive strength and bending strength of the alternate materials of wood with variations mixture of nylon fibers. This research was conducted by an experimental method that used 4 mixtures of variation, namely: mixtures of nylon fiber 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% with the ratio mixture is: 1 cement : 0.25 pulp 1.25 water. Compressive strength testing was made 12 sampels with size 200 mm x 50 mm x mm. The sampels used in the bending test are 12 sampels with a size 200 mm x 50 mm x mm. From the research and analysis of data obtained by the compressive strength and bending strength testing of the mixture into four is as follows: for the compressive strength test results of the alternate material of with with mixture of nylon fiber 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% was 4.58 MPa, 5.33 MPa, 6.90 MPa and 7.07 MPa. As for the bending test results for a mixture of nylon fiber 5%,10%, 15% and 20% was 3,45 Mpa 7.45 MPa, 9.25 MPa 10.65 MPa. Thus, the test results showed an increase in both of compressive strength and bending strength, when an adition of a mixture of nylon fibers presentation amount to 20% of the weight of cement for the alternate material of wood

Analisis Kebutuhan Angkutan Umum Jalur Kolhua Bundaran Pu Dan Bangkitan Perjalanan Penduduk Yang Menggunakan Kendaraan Pribadi

Dalam melakukan perjalanan sehari-hari penduduk Kelurahan Kolhua dan sebagian penduduk Kelurahan Maulafa dan Oepura hanya terlayani oleh sarana angkutan pribadi dan angkutan umum (ojek). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peluang penggunaan moda transportasi, besarnya jumlah permintaan pelayanan angkutan umum, jumlah kebutuhan armada angkutan umum dan faktor-faktor apa saja yang lebih berpengaruh terhadap bangkitan perjalanan penduduk menggunakan kendaraan pribadi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jumlah perjalanan penduduk berdasarkan moda transportasi di Kelurahan Kolhua, Maulafa dan Oepura adalah sebanyak 356 kali perjalanan atau sebesar 44,61% menggunakan kendaraan pribadi sedangkan sebanyak 182 kali perjalanan atau sebesar 22,81% menggunakan angkutan umum (ojek). Jumlah permintaan pelayanan angkutan umum adalah sebanyak 2057 permintaan dan jumlah armada yang dibutuhkan adalah 9 unit. Wilayah ini tidak dapat dimasukkan dalam wilayah pelayanan angkutan umum penumpang karena jumlah permintaan angkutan umum (D) < R.Pmin = 5000 permintaan dan jumlah kendaraan yang dibutuhkan, N = 9 < R = 20 unit. Dan diketahui faktor yang lebih berpengaruh terhadap bangkitan (jumlah) perjalanan penduduk yang menggunakan angkutan pribadi (Y) adalah variabel jumlah anggota keluarga yang bekerja/sekolah (X2) dan jumlah kendaraan (X3)

Hill-forts of Northern France

This is an account of the excavations at several hill-forts in Northern France, undertaken in 1938 and 1939. Included are descriptions of human remains and artefacts such as pottery, coins, weaponry and metalwork, together with an account of the methodology used to unearth these

Studi Perbandingan Kinerja Sistem Struktur Setback berdasarkan Metode ATC 40, FEMA 356 dan SNI 1726:2012

The aim of this study was to compare the performance level of the setback structure system and the non-setback structural system using the ATC-40, FEMA 356 and SNI 1726-2012 methods. The non-setback structure have the shortest span of 15 m, the longest span of 20 m and the level of each floor was 3.5 m but the setback structure have setback system on the longest span of 10 m at the 5th and 6th floor level. The results showed that the performance level based on all methods of the sectback structure system is at the immediate occupancy level while the non-setback structure system, based on SNI 1726-2012, the performance level is immediate occupancy for the longest span and the shortest span is damage control. On the other hand, based on the ATC-40 and FEMA 356 methods, the performance level of the non-setback structure is at the immediate occupancy level. Drift on non-setback buildings based on the SNI 1726-2012 method is 0.011, based on the ATC-40 method is 0.007, and based on FEMA 356 is 0.005. Drift on the setback building based on the SNI 1726-2012 method is 0.010, based on the ATC-40 method is 0.006, and based on FEMA 356 is 0.004

Perbandingan Pengukuran Kadar Air Tanah Lempung Menggunakan Metode Gravimetry Dan Metode Gypsum Block Berdasarkan Variasi Kedalaman

Soil is one of the most important things in every civil engineering construction. But the problem is how to define physical and mechanic characteristic of the soil. Physical and mechanic characteristic that have influence on bearing capacity of the soil is water content. Size of soil also has effects on the changing of water content. To define water content, engineer is often using Gravimetry Method, but this method can only be doing in laboratory, so it can't specifically describe real condition of water content in the fields. Then, an in-site test such as Electrical Sensory Method is needed, in order To get correct result of water content in fields. In Electrical Sensory Method there is one method called Gypsum Block Method, this method is an in-situ water content test with individual calibration on laboratory.The results from Oebelo Village, Kupang District soils sample, the soils is CH soil, where CH is organic clay with high plasticity, Fat Clay. By using gypsum block method, water content results is in range of 19,35 % - 41,05 %, while with gravimetry method the water content is in range of 18,34 % - 34, 67 %. Water content test using gypsum block method can only be doing at 0,50 m dan 1,00 m depth range, at 1,50 m dan 2,00 m depth range cannot be using this method because is too difficult to install gypsum block and the gap results between gravimetry method and gypsum block method is in range of 4,19 % - 7,69 %