4,412 research outputs found
Injection locking of two frequency-doubled lasers with 3.2 GHz offset for driving Raman transitions with low photon scattering in Ca
We describe the injection locking of two infrared (794 nm) laser diodes which
are each part of a frequency-doubled laser system. An acousto-optic modulator
(AOM) in the injection path gives an offset of 1.6 GHz between the lasers for
driving Raman transitions between states in the hyperfine split (by 3.2 GHz)
ground level of Ca. The offset can be disabled for use in
Ca. We measure the relative linewidth of the frequency-doubled beams
to be 42 mHz in an optical heterodyne measurement. The use of both injection
locking and frequency doubling combines spectral purity with high optical
power. Our scheme is applicable for providing Raman beams across other ion
species and neutral atoms where coherent optical manipulation is required.Comment: 3 pages, 3 figure
Organs from animals for man
In the following review some of the problems of xenotransplantation shall be discussed, based on the few experimental data available so far and on reports in the literature describing investigations which may be of importance for xenotransplantation. The impact of gravity on the upright posture of man versus almost all other mammals, the dysfunction between enzymes and hormones in different species and the lack of interactions between interleukins, cytokines and vasoactive substances will be taken into consideration. The question must be asked whether different levels of carrier molecules or serum proteins play a role in the physiological network. Even though the development of transgenic animals or other imaginative manipulations may lead to the acceptance of any type of xenografted organ, it has to be established for how long the products of the xenografts are able to act in the multifactorial orchestra. We are far from understanding xenogeneic molecular mechanisms involved in toxicity, necrosis and apoptosis or even reperfusion injury and ischemia in addition to the immediate mechanisms of the hyperacute xenogeneic rejection. Here, cell adhesion, blood clotting and vasomotion collide and bring micro-and macrocirculation to a standstill. All types of xenogeneic immunological mechanisms studied so far were found to have a more serious impact than those seen in allogeneic transplantation. In addition we are now only beginning to understand that so-called immunological parameters in allogeneic mechanisms act also in a true physiological manner in the xenogeneic situation. These molecular mechanisms occur behind the curtain of hyperacute, accelerated, acute or chronic xenograft rejection of which only some folds have been lifted to allow glimpses of part of the total scene. Other obstacles are likely to arise when long-term survival is achieved. These obstacles include retroviral infections, transfer of prions and severe side effects of the massive immunosuppression which will be needed. Moral, ethical and religious concerns are under debate and the species-specific production of proteins of the foreign donor species developed for clinical use suddenly appears to be a greater problem than anticipated
Model investigation of inlet plenum flow straightening techniques for altitude test facility
An investigation was conducted to evaluate and improve the quality of the airflow to be supplied to the engine in altitude test chambers 3 and 4 of the Propulsion Systems Laboratory at the Lewis Research Center. One-twentieth-scale models of the inlet plenum chamber of the two test chambers were used in the investigation to minimize time and cost. It was possible to reduce the velocity spread in the inlet plenum from approximately 100 m/sec (330 ft/sec) to approximately 10 m/sec (30 ft/sec) through the combined use of flow diverters, multiple spaced screens, flow straighteners, and turning vanes
Effect of time delay on feedback control of a flashing ratchet
It was recently shown that the use of feedback control can improve the
performance of a flashing ratchet. We investigate the effect of a time delay in
the implementation of feedback control in a closed-loop collective flashing
ratchet, using Langevin dynamics simulations. Surprisingly, for a large
ensemble, a well-chosen delay time improves the ratchet performance by allowing
the system to synchronize into a quasi-periodic stable mode of oscillation that
reproduces the optimal average velocity for a periodically flashing ratchet.
For a small ensemble, on the other hand, finite delay times significantly
reduce the benefit of feedback control for the time-averaged velocity, because
the relevance of information decays on a time scale set by the diffusion time
of the particles. Based on these results, we establish that experimental use of
feedback control is realistic.Comment: 6 pages, 6 figures, to appear in Europhysics Letter
Threshold feedback control for a collective flashing ratchet: threshold dependence
We study the threshold control protocol for a collective flashing ratchet. In
particular, we analyze the dependence of the current on the values of the
thresholds. We have found analytical expressions for the small threshold
dependence both for the few and for the many particle case. For few particles
the current is a decreasing function of the thresholds, thus, the maximum
current is reached for zero thresholds. In contrast, for many particles the
optimal thresholds have a nonzero finite value. We have numerically checked the
relation that allows to obtain the optimal thresholds for an infinite number of
particles from the optimal period of the periodic protocol. These optimal
thresholds for an infinite number of particles give good results for many
particles. In addition, they also give good results for few particles due to
the smooth dependence of the current up to these threshold values.Comment: LaTeX, 10 pages, 7 figures, improved version to appear in Phys. Rev.
Mechanical coupling in flashing ratchets
We consider the transport of rigid objects with internal structure in a
flashing ratchet potential by investigating the overdamped behavior of a
rod-like chain of evenly spaced point particles. In 1D, analytical arguments
show that the velocity can reverse direction multiple times in response to
changing the size of the chain or the temperature of the heat bath. The
physical reason is that the effective potential experienced by the mechanically
coupled objects can have a different symmetry than that of individual objects.
All analytical predictions are confirmed by Brownian dynamics simulations.
These results may provide a route to simple, coarse-grained models of molecular
motor transport that incorporate an object's size and rotational degrees of
freedom into the mechanism of transport.Comment: 9 pages, 10 figure
Divergence of opinion and risk : an empirical analysis of the Ex Ante beliefs of institutional investors
Bibliography: p. [24-25
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