Supervision in Nature: Integrating the Natural World in Supervision

Counseling supervision is a crucial component to the development of a counselor. Supervisors may integrate a variety of supervision techniques within the supervision process to facilitate the growth of the supervisee. This manuscript focuses on the integration of nature within the supervision process. We discuss the benefits of nature for humans, present nature-based supervision activities within the eight domains of professional functioning within the Integrated Developmental Model (IDM) of supervisee development, and discuss considerations for integrating nature within the supervision process

Long-Term X-ray Monitoring of 1E 1740.7-2942 and GRS 1758-258

We report on long-term observations of the Galactic-bulge black hole candidates 1E 1740.7-2942 and GRS 1758-258 with the Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer. 1E 1740.7-2942 has been observed 77 times and GRS 1758-258 has been observed 82 times over the past 1000 days. The flux of each object has varied by no more than a factor of 2.5 during this period, and the indices of the energy spectra have varied by no more than 0.4. The power spectra are similar to other black-hole candidates: flat-topped noise, breaking to a power law. Each object has exhibited a brightening that lasted for several months, and we have a found a time lag between the photon power-law index and the count rate. In both sources, the spectrum is softest during the decline from the brightening. This behavior can be understood in the context of thin-disk and advection-dominated accretion flows coexisting over a wide range of radii, with the implication that both sources have low-mass companions and accrete via Roche-lobe overflow.Comment: Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journa

The CHANDRA HETGS X-ray Grating Spectrum of Eta Car

Eta Car may be the most massive and luminous star in the Galaxy and is suspected to be a massive, colliding wind binary system. The CHANDRA X-ray observatory has obtained a calibrated, high-resolution X-ray spectrum of the star uncontaminated by the nearby extended soft X-ray emisssion. Our 89 ksec CHANDRA observation with the High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer (HETGS) shows that the hot gas near the star is non-isothermal. The temperature distribution may represent the emission on either side of the colliding wind bow shock, effectively ``resolving'' the shock. If so, the pre-shock wind velocities are ~ 700 and ~ 1800 km/s in our analysis, and these velocities may be interpreted as the terminal velocities of the winds from Eta Car and from the hidden companion star. The forbidden-to-intercombination (f/i) line ratios for the He-like ions of S, Si and Fe are large, indicating that the line forming region lies far from the stellar photosphere. The iron fluorescent line at 1.93 Angstrom, first detected by ASCA, is clearly resolved from the thermal iron line in the CHANDRA grating spectrum. The Fe fluorescent line is weaker in our CHANDRA observation than in any of the ASCA spectra. The CHANDRA observation also provides an uninterrupted high-time resolution lightcurve of the stellar X-ray emission from Eta Car and suggests that there was no significant, coherent variability during the CHANDRA observation. The Eta Car CHANDRA grating spectrum is unlike recently published X-ray grating spectra of single massive stars in significant ways and is generally consistent with colliding wind emission in a massive binary.Comment: revised after comments from referee and includes a new variability analysis, taking into account the effects of CCD pileu

RXTE Observations of 1A 1744-361: Correlated Spectral and Timing Behavior

We analyze Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) Proportional Counter Array (PCA) data of the transient low mass X-ray binary (LMXB) system 1A 1744-361. We explore the X-ray intensity and spectral evolution of the source, perform timing analysis, and find that 1A 1744-361 shows `atoll' behavior during the outbursts. The color-color diagram indicates that this LMXB was observed in a low intensity spectrally hard (low-hard) state and in a high intensity `banana' state. The low-hard state shows a horizontal pattern in the color-color diagram, and the previously reported `dipper QPO' appears only during this state. We also perform energy spectral analyses, and report the first detection of broad iron emission line and iron absorption edge from 1A 1744-361.Comment: 20 pages, 4 tables, 4 figures, accepted for publication in Ap

High-Sensitivity Measurement of 3He-4He Isotopic Ratios for Ultracold Neutron Experiments

Research efforts ranging from studies of solid helium to searches for a neutron electric dipole moment require isotopically purified helium with a ratio of 3He to 4He at levels below that which can be measured using traditional mass spectroscopy techniques. We demonstrate an approach to such a measurement using accelerator mass spectroscopy, reaching the 10e-14 level of sensitivity, several orders of magnitude more sensitive than other techniques. Measurements of 3He/4He in samples relevant to the measurement of the neutron lifetime indicate the need for substantial corrections. We also argue that there is a clear path forward to sensitivity increases of at least another order of magnitude.Comment: 11 pages, 10 figure

The Nature and Cause of Spectral Variability in LMC X-1

We present the results of a long-term observation campaign of the extragalactic wind-accreting black-hole X-ray binary LMC X-1, using the Proportional Counter Array on the Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer (RXTE). The observations show that LMC X-1's accretion disk exhibits an anomalous temperature-luminosity relation. We use deep archival RXTE observations to show that large movements across the temperature-luminosity space occupied by the system can take place on time scales as short as half an hour. These changes cannot be adequately explained by perturbations that propagate from the outer disk on a viscous timescale. We propose instead that the apparent disk variations reflect rapid fluctuations within the Compton up-scattering coronal material, which occults the inner parts of the disk. The expected relationship between the observed disk luminosity and apparent disk temperature derived from the variable occultation model is quantitatively shown to be in good agreement with the observations. Two other observations support this picture: an inverse correlation between the flux in the power-law spectral component and the fitted inner disk temperature, and a near-constant total photon flux, suggesting that the inner disk is not ejected when a lower temperature is observed.Comment: 35 pages, 10 figures, to be published in Ap

A Smoking Cessation Project For African American Women: Implications For Relational Research

Smoking cessation among African Americans is a primary health objective for the nation. African American women are more likely than their counterparts to have a high dependency upon nicotine. Studies with African American women report lower quit rates than those for whites. A culturally sensitive pilot project was designed for African American women to investigate smoking, perception of family environment (FES-R, Life Events Scale, family survey), feasibility of family-focused followup sessions, and an exercise program. Baseline cigarettes were negatively correlated with the FES-R subscales for cohesion, active-recreational orientation, and moral/ religious emphasis; they were positively correlated with negativity in an important relationship. Predictors of ending cigarettes were scores for life events internal to the family and the FES-R subscale for independence. Interview and survey data identified potential sources of social support and perceived relational injustices. Future studies will explore expressed emotion, relational ethics, and interventions that improve relationships

Discovery of the neutron star nature of SLX 1737-282

SLX 1737-282 is a persistent moderately bright X-ray source 1.2 deg from the Galactic center. X-ray observations with the Wide Field Cameras on BeppoSAX have for the first time revealed the true nature of SLX 1737-282: a 15-min long thermonuclear flash was detected exposing the source as a neutron star in a binary system. The flash was Eddington-limited constraining the distance to between 5 and 8 kpc. We analyze BeppoSAX, ROSAT, and RXTE data on SLX 1737-282. The persistent 0.5-200 keV luminosity is close to or less than 1% of the Eddington limit which implies a rarely-seen circumstance for thermonuclear flash activity.Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A Letter

The nature of the X-ray transient SAX J1711.6-3808

SAX J1711.6-3808 is an X-ray transient in the Galactic bulge that was active from January through May of 2001 and whose maximum 1-200 keV luminosity was measured to be 5X10-9 erg/s/cm2 which is less than ~25% of the Eddington limit, if placed at a distance equal to that of the galactic center. We study the X-ray data that were taken of this moderately bright transient with instruments on BeppoSAX and RXTE. The spectrum shows two interesting features on top of a Comptonized continuum commonly observed in low-state X-ray binaries: a broad emission feature peaking at 7 keV and extending from 4 to 9 keV, and a soft excess with a color temperature below 1 keV which reveals itself only during one week of data. High time-resolution analysis of 412 ksec worth of data fails to show bursts, coherent or high-frequency quasi-periodic oscillations. Given the dynamic range of the flux measurements, this would be unusual if a neutron star were present. SAX J1711.6-3808 appears likely to contain a black hole. No quiescent optical counterpart could be identified in archival data within the 5"-radius XMM error circle, but the limits are not very constraining because of heavy extinction (Av=16).Comment: Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysic

XTE J1739-302 as a Supergiant Fast X-ray Transient

XTE J1739-302 is a transient X-ray source with unusually short outbursts, lasting on the order of hours. Here we give a summary of X-ray observations we have made of this object in outburst with the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) and at a low level of activity with the Chandra X-ray Observatory, as well as observations made by other groups. Visible and infrared spectroscopy of the mass donor of XTE J1739-302 are presented in a companion paper. The X-ray spectrum is hard both at low levels and in outburst, but somewhat variable, and there is strong variability in the absorption column from one outburst to another. Although no pulsation has been observed, the outburst data from multiple observatories show a characteristic timescale for variability on the order of 1500-2000 s. The Chandra localization (right ascension 17h 39m 11.58s, declination -30o 20' 37.6'', J2000) shows that despite being located less than 2 degrees from the Galactic Center and highly absorbed, XTE J1739-302 is actually a foreground object with a bright optical counterpart. The combination of a very short outburst timescale and a supergiant companion is shared with several other recently-discovered systems, forming a class we designate as Supergiant Fast X-ray Transients (SFXTs). Three persistently bright X-ray binaries with similar supergiant companions have also produced extremely short, bright outbursts: Cyg X-1, Vela X-1, and 1E 1145.1-6141.Comment: 16 pages, 7 figures, 2 tables, in press in The Astrophysical Journal; see also the companion paper by Negueruela et a