Planning and Design Attributes of Preplanned Postmodern Capital Cities: A Comparative Study

Capital cities command a prominent position within the urban hierarchy, where in many countries they are the most significant city, as well as the economic, and cultural hub of nations. Capitals are under continuous infrastructure, economic, social, and environmental pressures to accommodate rapid urban growth. Therefore, some countries elected to relocate their Capital city. For purposes of comparison, a sample composed of five nations who relocated their Capital within the postmodern era were selected. They are from diverse geographic in Asia, Africa, and South America, as well as from varying economic and cultural background. New Capitals are analyzed in an attempt to explore the urban planning models implemented by these cities. The research work aimed to unravel the mechanisms utilized by Planners and Political leaders to bring their vision of the desired Capitol City to reality. It was evident that every case had its idiosyncrasies, and not all Capital projects realized the desired outcome. Planning and design principles were developing in the right direction to conform to contemporary urban planning and design practice. Future studies must address the impact of the digital revolution on the functional aspects of capitals layout

Efeito do manejo de plantas daninhas sobre Neoseiulus californicus (Acari:Phytoseiidae) em pomar de macieira Effect of weed management on Neoseiulus californicus (Acari:Phytoseiidae) in apple orchard

Avaliou-se a influência do manejo de plantas daninhas sobre o deslocamento de ácaros tetraniquídeos (Panonychus ulmi e Tetranychus urticae) e do ácaro predador Neoseiulus californicus em um pomar de macieira 'Gala', onde foi implantado o controle biológico do ácaro vermelho, P. ulmi, por meio de liberações massais de N. californicus. As parcelas tiveram as plantas daninhas manejadas de três formas: sem manejo, com roçadas manuais e com herbicidas. As populações de ácaros foram avaliadas sobre as plantas daninhas, Plantago tormentosa e Erigeron sp, e sobre as folhas de macieira. As maiores populações de N. californicus foram observadas nas parcelas onde os manejos proporcionaram desenvolvimento de plantas daninhas na linha de plantio. Na parcela manejada com herbicida, houve maior população de ácaros tetraniquídeos sobre as macieiras, provavelmente, devido ao reduzido número de N. californicus. P. tormentosa foi o hospedeiro preferencial do ácaro predador. Concluiu-se que o manejo de plantas daninhas, na linha de plantio das macieiras, assume um importante papel no equilíbrio entre as populações de ácaros.<br>The influence of weed management on tetranychid mites (Panonychus ulmi and Tetranychus urticae) and phytoseids movement was evaluated. Neoseiulus californicus populations were released in an apple orchard for biological control of tetranychid mites. Three kinds of weed management were used: no weed control at all, manual control and control with herbicide. The mites were evaluated in Plantago tormentosa, Erigeron sp, and apple tree leaves. The highest population of N. californicus was observed where weed was not controlled. Tetranychid mites populations were abundant on apple trees when herbicide was used, probably due to the low population of N. californicus. P. tormentosa was the preferred host of phytoseids. The conclusion was that weed management plays an important role in the regulation of mite species in apple orchards