Influence of Different Yeast Strains on Metabolism of Tryptophan and Indole-3-Acetic Acid During Fermentation

The effect of supplementation of Riesling (Vitis vinifera L.) must with ammonium sulphate (AS) ontryptophan (Trp) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) metabolism during alcoholic fermentation with fourcommercial yeast strains (Uvaferm CEG, Lalvin Cross Evolution, Anchor VIN 13 and Anchor exoticSPH) were examined. AS addition reduced Trp uptake by yeasts from 1% to 15%. Wines produced byAnchor VIN 13 and Uvaferm CEG yeasts with AS addition had the highest concentrations of Trp (0.60and 0.59 mg/L respectively). Concentrations of total and bound IAA decreased during all treatments. Atthe end of fermentation the highest concentration of free IAA was measured in the control must inoculatedwith Anchor VIN 13 yeast (35.83 μg/L) and the lowest in the sample inoculated with Uvaferm CEG yeast(13.08 μg/L). Anchor VIN 13 yeast showed the strongest change in metabolism due to AS addition duringfermentation. 2-Aminoacetophenone (2-AAP) formation was not observed in all the studied wines

CHANGES IN THE CHARDONNAY CLONES ORGANIC ACIDS RATIO DURING MATURATION TIME

Vinska i jabučna kiselina glavne su kiseline grožđa, mošta i vina koje direktno utječu na okus i harmoničnost vina. U 2006. godini grožđe Chardonnay, klonovi SMA130, CL 95, CL96, CL548, SMA 123, R8, VCR10 iz zagrebačkoga vinogorja brano je svakih 3-5 dana i to od trenutka šaranja bobica pa sve do dana berbe. Kod klona CL 95 utvrđen je najmanji odnos između jabučne i vinske kiseline, dok je taj odnos kod klonova CL 96 i VCR 10 bio najizraženiji. Nisu utvrđene razlike u sadržaju limunske kiseline između ispitivanih klonovaTartaric and malic acids are essential constituents of grape must and wine, contributing directly to its taste as well as balancing with other flavors. High temperature conditions during maturation time can strongly affect malic acid/tartaric acid ratio resulting in a lower acid content due to increasing degradation of malic acid. In the 2006 year Chardonnay grape (clone SMA 130, CL 95, CL96, CL548, SMA 123, R8, VCR10) from Zagreb wine region was collected every 3-5 days from the moment of verasion until the harvest time. The smallest malic acid/tartaric acid ratio was detected in CL 95 clone while clone CL 96 and VCR10 had the highest malic acid/tartaric acid ratio. There was no difference in the citric acid content among tested clones

Coastal sea level monitoring in the Mediterranean and Black seas

Employed for over a century, the traditional way of monitoring sea level variability by tide gauges – in combination with modern observational techniques like satellite altimetry – is an inevitable ingredient in sea level studies over the climate scales and in coastal seas. The development of the instrumentation, remote data acquisition, processing, and archiving in the last decades has allowed the extension of the applications to a variety of users and coastal hazard managers. The Mediterranean and Black seas are examples of such a transition – while having a long tradition of sea level observations with several records spanning over a century, the number of modern tide gauge stations is growing rapidly, with data available both in real time and as a research product at different time resolutions. As no comprehensive survey of the tide gauge networks has been carried out recently in these basins, the aim of this paper is to map the existing coastal sea level monitoring infrastructures and the respective data availability. The survey encompasses a description of major monitoring networks in the Mediterranean and Black seas and their characteristics, including the type of sea level sensors, measuring resolutions, data availability, and existence of ancillary measurements, altogether collecting information about 240 presently operational tide gauge stations. The availability of the Mediterranean and Black seas sea level data in the global and European sea level repositories has been also screened and classified following their sampling interval and level of quality check, pointing to the necessity of harmonization of the data available with different metadata and series in different repositories. Finally, an assessment of the networks' capabilities for their use in different sea level applications has been done, with recommendations that might mitigate the bottlenecks and ensure further development of the networks in a coordinated way, a critical need in the era of human-induced climate changes and sea level rise.En prens

Modeling the ocean and atmosphere during an extreme bora event in northern Adriatic using one-way and two-way atmosphere-ocean coupling

We have studied the performances of (a) a two-way coupled atmosphere-ocean modeling system and (b) one-way coupled ocean model (forced by the atmosphere model), as compared to the available in situ measurements during and after a strong Adriatic bora wind event in February 2012, which led to extreme air-sea interactions. The simulations span the period between January and March 2012. The models used were ALADIN (Aire Limiteé Adaptation dynamique Développement InterNational) (4.4 km resolution) on the atmosphere side and an Adriatic setup of Princeton ocean model (POM) (130 × 130 angular resolution) on the ocean side. The atmosphere-ocean coupling was implemented using the OASIS3-MCT model coupling toolkit. Two-way coupling ocean feedback to the atmosphere is limited to sea surface temperature. We have compared modeled atmosphere-ocean fluxes and sea temperatures from both setups to platform and CTD (conductivity, temperature, and depth) measurements from three locations in the northern Adriatic. We present objective verification of 2 m atmosphere temperature forecasts using mean bias and standard deviation of errors scores from 23 meteorological stations in the eastern part of Italy. We show that turbulent fluxes from both setups differ up to 20 % during the bora but not significantly before and after the event. When compared to observations, two-way coupling ocean temperatures exhibit a 4 times lower root mean square error (RMSE) than those from one-way coupled system. Two-way coupling improves sensible heat fluxes at all stations but does not improve latent heat loss. The spatial average of the two-way coupled atmosphere component is up to 0.3 °C colder than the one-way coupled setup, which is an improvement for prognostic lead times up to 20 h. Daily spatial average of the standard deviation of air temperature errors shows 0.15 °C improvement in the case of coupled system compared to the uncoupled. Coupled and uncoupled circulations in the northern Adriatic are predominantly wind-driven and show no significant mesoscale differences. © 2016 Author(s)

Modeling the ocean and atmosphere during an extreme bora event in northern Adriatic using one-way and two-way atmosphere–ocean coupling

We have studied the performances of (a) a two-way coupled atmosphere–ocean modeling system and (b) one-way coupled ocean model (forced by the atmosphere model), as compared to the available in situ measurements during and after a strong Adriatic bora wind event in February 2012, which led to extreme air–sea interactions. The simulations span the period between January and March 2012. The models used were ALADIN (Aire Limitée Adaptation dynamique Développement InterNational) (4.4 km resolution) on the atmosphere side and an Adriatic setup of Princeton ocean model (POM) (1°∕30 × 1°∕30 angular resolution) on the ocean side. The atmosphere–ocean coupling was implemented using the OASIS3-MCT model coupling toolkit. Two-way coupling ocean feedback to the atmosphere is limited to sea surface temperature. We have compared modeled atmosphere–ocean fluxes and sea temperatures from both setups to platform and CTD (conductivity, temperature, and depth) measurements from three locations in the northern Adriatic. We present objective verification of 2 m atmosphere temperature forecasts using mean bias and standard deviation of errors scores from 23 meteorological stations in the eastern part of Italy. We show that turbulent fluxes from both setups differ up to 20 % during the bora but not significantly before and after the event. When compared to observations, two-way coupling ocean temperatures exhibit a 4 times lower root mean square error (RMSE) than those from one-way coupled system. Two-way coupling improves sensible heat fluxes at all stations but does not improve latent heat loss. The spatial average of the two-way coupled atmosphere component is up to 0.3 °C colder than the one-way coupled setup, which is an improvement for prognostic lead times up to 20 h. Daily spatial average of the standard deviation of air temperature errors shows 0.15 °C improvement in the case of coupled system compared to the uncoupled. Coupled and uncoupled circulations in the northern Adriatic are predominantly wind-driven and show no significant mesoscale differences

Use of micro-PIXE to determine spatial distributions of copper in Brassica carinata plants exposed to CuSO4 or CuEDDS

A better understanding of the mechanisms that govern copper (Cu) uptake, distribution and tolerance in Brassica carinata plants in the presence of chelators is needed before significant progress in chelate-assisted Cu phytoextraction can be made. The aims of this study were therefore to characterise (S,S)-N,N′-ethylenediamine disuccinic acid (EDDS)-assisted Cu uptake, and to compare the spatial distribution patterns of Cu in the roots and leaves of B. carinata plants. The plants were treated with 30 μM or 150 μM CuSO4 or CuEDDS in hydroponic solution. Quantitative Cu distribution maps and concentration profiles across root and leaf cross-sections of the desorbed plants were obtained by micro-proton induced X-ray emission. In roots, the 30 μM treatments with both CuSO4 and CuEDDS resulted in higher Cu concentrations in epidermal/cortical regions. At 150 μMCuSO4, Cu was mainly accumulated in root vascular bundles, whereas with 150 μM CuEDDS, Cu was detected in endodermis and the adjacent inner cortical cell layer. Under all treatments, except with a H+-ATP-ase inhibitor, the Cu in leaves was localised mainly in vascular tissues. The incubation of plants with 150 μM CuEDDS enhanced metal translocation to shoots, in comparison to the corresponding CuSO4 treatment. Inhibition of H+-ATPase activity resulted in reduced Cu accumulation in 30 μM CuEDDS-treated roots and 150 μM CuEDDS-treated leaves, and induced changes in Cu distribution in the leaves. This indicates that active mechanisms are involved in retaining Cu in the leaf vascular tissues, which prevent its transport to photosynthetically active tissues. The physiological significance of EDDS-assisted Cu uptake is discussed

Use of micro-PIXE to determine spatial distributions of copper in Brassica carinata plants exposed to CuSO4 or CuEDDS

none13A better understanding of the mechanisms that govern copper (Cu) uptake, distribution and tolerance in Brassica carinata plants in the presence of chelators is needed before significant progress in chelate-assisted Cu phytoextraction can be made. The aims of this study were therefore to characterise (S,S)-N,N'-ethylenediamine disuccinic acid (EDDS)-assisted Cu uptake, and to compare the spatial distribution patterns of Cu in the roots and leaves of B. carinata plants. The plants were treated with 30μM or 150μM CuSO 4 or CuEDDS in hydroponic solution. Quantitative Cu distribution maps and concentration profiles across root and leaf cross-sections of the desorbed plants were obtained by micro-proton induced X-ray emission. In roots, the 30μM treatments with both CuSO 4 and CuEDDS resulted in higher Cu concentrations in epidermal/cortical regions. At 150μM CuSO 4, Cu was mainly accumulated in root vascular bundles, whereas with 150μM CuEDDS, Cu was detected in endodermis and the adjacent inner cortical cell layer. Under all treatments, except with a H +-ATP-ase inhibitor, the Cu in leaves was localised mainly in vascular tissues. The incubation of plants with 150μM CuEDDS enhanced metal translocation to shoots, in comparison to the corresponding CuSO 4 treatment. Inhibition of H +-ATPase activity resulted in reduced Cu accumulation in 30μM CuEDDS-treated roots and 150μM CuEDDS-treated leaves, and induced changes in Cu distribution in the leaves. This indicates that active mechanisms are involved in retaining Cu in the leaf vascular tissues, which prevent its transport to photosynthetically active tissues. The physiological significance of EDDS-assisted Cu uptake is discussed.noneCestone B.; Vogel-MIkus K.; Quartacci M.S.; Rascio N.; Pongrac P.; Pelicon P.; Vavpetic P.; Grej N.; Jeromel L.; Kump P.; Necemer M.; Regvar M.; Navari-Izzo F.Cestone, B.; Vogel MIkus, K.; Quartacci, M. S.; Rascio, Nicoletta; Pongrac, P.; Pelicon, P.; Vavpetic, P.; Grej, N.; Jeromel, L.; Kump, P.; Necemer, M.; Regvar, M.; Navari Izzo, F