Virtual cluster scheduling through the scheduling graph

This paper presents an instruction scheduling and cluster assignment approach for clustered processors. The proposed technique makes use of a novel representation named the scheduling graph which describes all possible schedules. A powerful deduction process is applied to this graph, reducing at each step the set of possible schedules. In contrast to traditional list scheduling techniques, the proposed scheme tries to establish relations among instructions rather than assigning each instruction to a particular cycle. The main advantage is that wrong or poor schedules can be anticipated and discarded earlier. In addition, cluster assignment of instructions is performed using another novel concept called virtual clusters, which define sets of instructions that must execute in the same cluster. These clusters are managed during the deduction process to identify incompatibilities among instructions. The mapping of virtual to physical clusters is postponed until the scheduling of the instructions has finalized. The advantages this novel approach features include: (1) accurate scheduling information when assigning, and, (2) accurate information of the cluster assignment constraints imposed by scheduling decisions. We have implemented and evaluated the proposed scheme with superblocks extracted from Speclnt95 and MediaBench. The results show that this approach produces better schedules than the previous state-of-the-art. Speed-ups are up to 15%, with average speed-ups ranging from 2.5% (2-Clusters) to 9.5% (4-Clusters).Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

A unified modulo scheduling and register allocation technique for clustered processors

This work presents a modulo scheduling framework for clustered ILP processors that integrates the cluster assignment, instruction scheduling and register allocation steps in a single phase. This unified approach is more effective than traditional approaches based on sequentially performing some (or all) of the three steps, since it allows optimizing the global code generation problem instead of searching for optimal solutions to each individual step. Besides, it avoids the iterative nature of traditional approaches, which require repeated applications of the three steps until a valid solution is found. The proposed framework includes a mechanism to insert spill code on-the-fly and heuristics to evaluate the quality of partial schedules considering simultaneously inter-cluster communications, memory pressure and register pressure. Transformations that allow trading pressure on a type of resource for another resource are also included. We show that the proposed technique outperforms previously proposed techniques. For instance, the average speed-up for the SPECfp95 is 36% for a 4-cluster configuration.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

La eclosión de la enseñanza de geografía en Brasil. Una guía para no perderse

A eclosão do ensino de geografia em Brasil. Uma guia para não perder-se Nos primeiros anos deste milênio podemos notar um enorme aumento da produção bibliográfica sobre o ensino de Geografia no Brasil. Sem dúvida, um dos motivos reside na posição desta disciplina no sistema escolar brasileiro, o que gerou uma grande demanda para a formação de professores. Dessa maneira, um grande número de professores de universidades brasileiras produziu livros, artigos, apresentações sobre diversos assuntos que despertam o interesse sobre esta disciplina na educação. Neste artículo, pretendemos orientar os leitores sobre principais autores e as linhas de trabalho que seguiram

Luxación acromio-clavicular posterior con fractura clavicular asociada

Se presenta un caso infrecuente de luxación acromio- clavicular posterior asociada a una fractura de tercio medio clavicular ipsilateral en un varón de 17 años. El diagnóstico se basa en la sospecha clínica y en las pruebas de imagen, siendo la TAC de particular utilidad. La reducción abierta y fijación coraco-clavicular con resección del extremo distal clavicular dio excelentes resultados. Se compara el tratamiento realizado con otros publicados, realizando una revisión de la literatura al respecto.An unusual case of combined posterior acromioclavicular joint dislocation and an ipsilateral fracture of the middle third of the clavicle in a 17-year-old male is presented. Diagnosis is based on clinical suspicion and imaging test, being CT scan particularly useful. Open reduction and coracoclavicular fixation with excision of the distal clavicle led to successful results. Treatment is compared with previous reports. A review of the literature is made

Estudio PRECOST&E: evaluación de los costes constructivos y consumos energéticos derivados de la calificación energética en un edificio de viviendas situado en Madrid

Este artículo presenta un caso de estudio en el que, mediante la calificación energética, se relacionan la eficiencia energética de un edificio, sus costes de construcción y sus consumos energéticos. La variación del comportamiento energético del edificio se realiza a través de cambios en la envolvente y los sistemas de producción de energía. El estudio es teórico y fue realizado en 2009-2010 sobre el proyecto de un edificio residencial de protección oficial situado en Madrid. El trabajo desarrolla una metodología que permite evaluar las variaciones de eficiencia energética en un proyecto y sus im¬plicaciones económicas. Ello permitirá a promotores y arquitectos valorar cómo la adopción de medidas activas y pasivas afecta a la calificación energética de un edificio, a su consumo de energía y a los costes constructivos. Además se analiza la relación entre la orientación de las viviendas y la calificación energética, y las características de los programas utilizados

Ca II 8542 \AA\ brightenings induced by a solar microflare

We study small-scale brightenings in Ca II 8542 \AA\ line-core images to determine their nature and effect on localized heating and mass transfer in active regions. High-resolution 2D spectroscopic observations of an active region in the Ca II 8542 \AA\ line were acquired with the GFPI attached to the 1.5-meter GREGOR telescope. Inversions of the spectra were carried out using NICOLE. We identified three brightenings of sizes up to 2"x2". We found evidence that the brightenings belonged to the footpoints of a microflare (MF). The properties of the observed brightenings disqualified the scenarios of Ellerman bombs or IRIS bombs. However, this MF shared some common properties with flaring active-region fibrils or flaring arch filaments (FAFs): (1) FAFs and MFs are both apparent in chromospheric and coronal layers according to the AIA channels, and (2) both show flaring arches with lifetimes of about 3.0-3.5 min and lengths of about 20". The inversions revealed heating by 600 K at the footpoint location in the ambient chromosphere during the impulsive phase. Connecting the footpoints, a dark filamentary structure appeared in the Ca II line-core images. Before the start of the MF, the spectra of this structure already indicated average blueshifts, meaning upward motions of the plasma along the LOS. During the impulsive phase, these velocities increased up to -2.2 km/s. Downflows dominated at the footpoints. However, in the upper photosphere, slight upflows occurred during the impulsive phase. Hence, bidirectional flows are present in the footpoints of the MF. Conclusions: We detected Ca II brightenings that coincided with the footpoint location of an MF. The MF event led to a rise of plasma in the upper photosphere, both before and during the impulsive phase. Excess mass, previously raised to at most chromospheric layers, slowly drained downward along arches toward the footpoints of the MF.Comment: Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics, 13 pages, 6 figures, 1 online movi

Physical-chemical and microbiological analyses of several pre-harvest samples of wheat (Triticum aestivum) from wheat milling industry

Background: Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is a key raw material for production of staple food in the world. For this reason, any type of variations in quality and yield in wheat milling production is very important.Most of variations are often caused by different weather conditions before harvesting. Due to these variations, farmers and the wheat milling flour industry need physical-chemical and microbiological analyses that guarantee the qualitity of the raw material. Every wheat milling industry has internal laboratories who carry out routinary quality and yield controls to ensure the wheat quality for customers.The goal of this project is to study how variations in weather conditions affect several properties in the same type of wheat milling flour.Methods: In this project, we use standard internal methods of a wheat milling industry laboratory for guaranteeing the same analytical conditions. We analyze different pre-harvest wheat from three different weather zones of the campaign 2017-2018. We perform the following analyses: Water absorption, falling number, rheological properties by alveograph, damaged starch, protein content, humidity, and specific weight. These different analyses can explain the theoretical behaviour of the wheat milling flour of pre-harvest samples from the bakery industry.Results and Conclusions: Laboratory analyses allow to check the quality and yield of the pre-harvest wheat samples irrespectively of the weather conditions exposed during the campaign 2017-2018. Therefore, these analyses help to achieve a more homogeneous product and reduce negative results for customers

Osteochondroma of the mandibular condyle: Resection and reconstruction using vertical sliding osteotomy of the mandibular ramus

Osteochondroma is one of the most common benign bone tumours, although not in the craniofacial region. More than half of these appear in the coronoid process. It can appear on the mandibular condyle, especially in its medial half, and mainly affects women aged around forty years. We present the case of a 51-year-old woman with pain of several months? duration in the right temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and no other symptoms. Panoramic radiography showed an enlarged condyle with no subchondral cysts. Computed tomography showed a bony proliferation with benign signs and a scintigraphy revealed an increased uptake in the condyle. Due to the painful clinical symptoms, a surgical procedure using preauricular and retromandibular approaches was performed to excise the condyle. The resulting defect, which was 9 mm high, was reconstructed by means of a vertical sliding osteotomy of the mandibular ramus and two miniplates for osteosynthesis. Almost two years later, the patient is symptomfree and has a normal opening with no malocclusion or deviation in the opening pattern. We present and discuss different reconstruction options after condylectomy

On the validity of the 630 nm Fe I nm lines for the magnetometry of the internetwork quiet Sun

The purpose of this work is to analyze the reliability of the magnetic field strengths inferred from the 630 nm pair of Fe I lines at internetwork quiet Sun regions. Some numerical experiments have been performed that demonstrate the inability of these lines to recover the magnetic field strength in such low flux solar regions. It is shown how different model atmospheres, with magnetic field strengths ranging from few hundred Gauss to kiloGauss, give rise to Stokes profiles that can not be distinguished. The reasons for this degeneracy are discussed.Comment: Accepted for publication in A&