Agent-based simulation framework for airport collaborative decision making

Airport Collaborative Decision Making is based on information sharing. A better use of resources can be attained when the different stakeholders at airport operations share their more accurate and updated information. One of the main difficulties when dealing with this information sharing concept is the number of stakeholders involved and their different interest and behaviour: aircraft operators, ground handling companies, airport authority, air traffic control and the Central Flow Management Unit. It is paramount to quantify the benefit of an airport collaborative decision making strategy in order to involve all these different organisations. Simulations are required to analyse the overall system and its emerging behaviour. This paper presents the development and initial testing of an agent-based framework, which allows this behavioural analysis to be done. The simulator explicitly represents the different stakeholders involved in the A-CDM and the interactions between them from milestone 1 to 7. This framework allows independent gradual development of local behaviours and optimisation, and a gradual increase on complexity and fidelity on the simulations

A hydroeconomic modeling framework for optimal integrated management of forest and water

[EN] Forests play a determinant role in the hydrologic cycle, with water being the most important ecosystem service they provide in semiarid regions. However, this contribution is usually neither quantified nor explicitly valued. The aim of this study is to develop a novel hydroeconomic modeling framework for assessing and designing the optimal integrated forest and water management for forested catchments. The optimization model explicitly integrates changes in water yield in the stands (increase in groundwater recharge) induced by forest management and the value of the additional water provided to the system. The model determines the optimal schedule of silvicultural interventions in the stands of the catchment in order to maximize the total net benefit in the system. Canopy cover and biomass evolution over time were simulated using growth and yield allometric equations specific for the species in Mediterranean conditions. Silvicultural operation costs according to stand density and canopy cover were modeled using local cost databases. Groundwater recharge was simulated using HYDRUS, calibrated and validated with data from the experimental plots. In order to illustrate the presented modeling framework, a case study was carried out in a planted pine forest (Pinus halepensis Mill.) located in south-western Valencia province (Spain). The optimized scenario increased groundwater recharge. This novel modeling framework can be used in the design of a payment for environmental services scheme in which water beneficiaries could contribute to fund and promote efficient forest management operations.This study is a component of four research projects: "CGL2011-28776-C02-02, HYDROSIL'', ''CGL2013-48424-C2-1-R, IMPADAPT'' and CGL2014-58127-C3-2, SILWAMED, funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and FEDER funds, and Determination of hydrologic and forest recovery factors in Mediterranean forests and their social perception, supported by the Ministry of Environment, Rural and Marine Affairs. The authors are grateful to the Valencia Regional Government (CMAAUV, Generalitat Valenciana) and the VAERSA staff for their support in allowing the use of the La Hunde experimental forest and for their assistance in carrying out the fieldwork. Experimental data belong to Reforest research group. For any question about the data, contact Antonio D. del Campo ([email protected]).Garcia-Prats, A.; Campo García, ADD.; Pulido-Velazquez, M. (2016). A hydroeconomic modeling framework for optimal integrated management of forest and water. Water Resources Research. 52(10):8277-8294. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR018273S827782945210Andréassian, V. (2004). Waters and forests: from historical controversy to scientific debate. Journal of Hydrology, 291(1-2), 1-27. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2003.12.015Bargués Tobella, A., Reese, H., Almaw, A., Bayala, J., Malmer, A., Laudon, H., & Ilstedt, U. (2014). The effect of trees on preferential flow and soil infiltrability in an agroforestry parkland in semiarid Burkina Faso. Water Resources Research, 50(4), 3342-3354. doi:10.1002/2013wr015197Barron, O. V., Crosbie, R. S., Dawes, W. R., Charles, S. P., Pickett, T., & Donn, M. J. (2012). Climatic controls on diffuse groundwater recharge across Australia. 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System Dynamics Modeling for Supporting Drought-Oriented Management of the Jucar River System, Spain

[EN] The management of water in systems where the balance between resources and demands is already precarious can pose a challenge and it can be easily disrupted by drought episodes. Anticipated drought management has proved to be one of the main strategies to reduce their impact. Drought economic, environmental, and social impacts affect different sectors that are often interconnected. There is a need for water management models able to acknowledge the complex interactions between multiple sectors, activities, and variables to study the response of water resource systems to drought management strategies. System dynamics (SD) is a modeling methodology that facilitates the analysis of interactions and feedbacks within and between sectors. Although SD has been applied for water resource management, there is a lack of SD models able to regulate complex water resource systems on a monthly time scale and considering multiple reservoir operating rules, demands, and policies. In this paper, we present an SD model for the strategic planning of drought management in the Jucar River system, incorporating dynamic reservoir operating rules, policies, and drought management strategies triggered by a system state index. The DSS combines features from early warning and information systems, allowing for the simulation of drought strategies, evaluating their economic impact, and exploring new management options in the same environment. The results for the historical period show that drought early management can be beneficial for the performance of the system, monitoring the current state of the system, and activating drought management measures results in a substantial reduction of the economic impact of droughts.The data used in this study was obtained from the references included. We acknowledge the European Research Area for Climate Services consortium (ER4CS) and the Agencia Estatal de Investigacion for their financial support to this research under the INNOVA project (Grant Agreement: 690462; PCIN-2017-066). This study has also been partially funded by the ADAPTAMED project (RTI2018-101483-B-I00) from the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades (MICIU) of Spain.Rubio-Martin, A.; Pulido-Velazquez, M.; Macian-Sorribes, H.; Garcia-Prats, A. (2020). System Dynamics Modeling for Supporting Drought-Oriented Management of the Jucar River System, Spain. Water. 12(5):1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051407S119125Mishra, A. K., & Singh, V. P. (2010). A review of drought concepts. Journal of Hydrology, 391(1-2), 202-216. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.07.012Momblanch, A., Paredes-Arquiola, J., Munné, A., Manzano, A., Arnau, J., & Andreu, J. (2015). Managing water quality under drought conditions in the Llobregat River Basin. 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Drought Management Plans in the European Union. The Case of Spain. Water Resources Management, 26(6), 1537-1553. doi:10.1007/s11269-011-9971-2Pedro-Monzonís, M., Solera, A., Ferrer, J., Estrela, T., & Paredes-Arquiola, J. (2015). A review of water scarcity and drought indexes in water resources planning and management. Journal of Hydrology, 527, 482-493. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.05.003Zaniolo, M., Giuliani, M., Castelletti, A. F., & Pulido-Velazquez, M. (2018). Automatic design of basin-specific drought indexes for highly regulated water systems. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 22(4), 2409-2424. doi:10.5194/hess-22-2409-2018Carmona, M., Máñez Costa, M., Andreu, J., Pulido-Velazquez, M., Haro-Monteagudo, D., Lopez-Nicolas, A., & Cremades, R. (2017). Assessing the effectiveness of Multi-Sector Partnerships to manage droughts: The case of the Jucar river basin. Earth’s Future, 5(7), 750-770. doi:10.1002/2017ef000545PALLOTTINO, S., SECHI, G., & ZUDDAS, P. (2005). 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Evaluating Municipal Water Conservation Policies Using a Dynamic Simulation Model. Water Resources Management, 24(13), 3371-3395. doi:10.1007/s11269-010-9611-2Apperl, B., Pulido-Velazquez, M., Andreu, J., & Karjalainen, T. P. (2015). Contribution of the multi-attribute value theory to conflict resolution in groundwater management – application to the Mancha Oriental groundwater system, Spain. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 19(3), 1325-1337. doi:10.5194/hess-19-1325-2015Macian-Sorribes, H., & Pulido-Velazquez, M. (2017). Integrating Historical Operating Decisions and Expert Criteria into a DSS for the Management of a Multireservoir System. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 143(1), 04016069. doi:10.1061/(asce)wr.1943-5452.0000712Escriva-Bou, A., Pulido-Velazquez, M., & Pulido-Velazquez, D. (2017). Economic Value of Climate Change Adaptation Strategies for Water Management in Spain’s Jucar Basin. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 143(5), 04017005. doi:10.1061/(asce)wr.1943-5452.0000735Pulido-Velazquez, M. A., Sahuquillo-Herraiz, A., Camilo Ochoa-Rivera, J., & Pulido-Velazquez, D. (2005). Modeling of stream–aquifer interaction: the embedded multireservoir model. Journal of Hydrology, 313(3-4), 166-181. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.02.026Sahuquillo, A. (1983). An eigenvalue numerical technique for solving unsteady linear groundwater models continuously in time. Water Resources Research, 19(1), 87-93. doi:10.1029/wr019i001p00087Estrela, T., & Sahuquillo, A. (1997). Modeling the Response of a Karstic Spring at Arteta Aquifer in Spain. Ground Water, 35(1), 18-24. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00055.xAndreu, J., Capilla, J., & Sanchís, E. (1996). AQUATOOL, a generalized decision-support system for water-resources planning and operational management. Journal of Hydrology, 177(3-4), 269-291. doi:10.1016/0022-1694(95)02963-xHaro-Monteagudo, D., Solera, A., & Andreu, J. 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Early neurodevelopmental outcome of low birth weight infants surviving neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage

Peer Reviewe

Significant increase of CD57+ cells in pulmonary lymphoid follicles of COPD patients

Although the presence of pulmonary lymphoid follicles (LFs) has been associated with the progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), there is no information regarding the pattern of vascularisation, expression of addressins or inflammatory cell densities within these structures in COPD. Histological and immunohistochemical techniques were used to assess the prevalence, structure, localisation, vascularisation and cell proliferation/apoptosis of LFs, as well as the follicular density of B- and T-lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and CD57+ cells, in lung tissue of nine nonsmokers, 18 smokers without COPD, 16 smokers with moderate COPD and 16 patients with very severe COPD. The density of CD57+ cells within LFs of COPD patients was significantly increased compared to that of nonsmokers and smokers without COPD (p<0.05). Moreover, the percentage of LF profiles with cell apoptosis was also significantly higher in COPD patients (p = 0.03). By contrast, no significant differences among groups were observed in the follicular densities of other inflammatory cells, nor in the distribution of blood and lymphatic vessels within LFs. Since CD57+ cells are important effectors of cytotoxicity and immune regulation, an increase in their follicular density supports the hypothesis of local immune dysfunction in COPD

Dynamic procedure for daily PM56 ETo mapping conducive to site-specific irrigation recommendations in areas covered by agricultural weather networks.

[EN] Modern agriculture is underpinned by actual meteorological data registered using automated meteorological stations forming networks specifically created for advising purposes. In many cases, those data used to be accessible online by means of APIs (Application Programming Interface). One of the most common cases is the irrigation-advice weather network implemented with the aim of obtaining ETo values to be used in irrigation recommendations. However, those punctual values of ETo scattered throughout the territory do not allow to produce specific irrigation recommendations for each farm. The only way of disposing site-specific values of ETo is by compiling maps that describe its spatial variation. With this objective, a new dynamic procedure based on an existing regression-based technique of interpolation was proposed. Using the meteorological data registered at the end of each day, maximum and minimum temperature, maximum and minimum relative humidity, wind velocity, and radiation maps were interpolated and then, an ETo map was derived. The proposed procedure demonstrated a special adaptation capacity to the synoptic pattern of each day using some geographical features or others, as appropriate to explain the spatial variability of the interpolated meteorological variable. In those months where radiation plays a key role in the ETo value (growing season), ETo maps obtained were especially fine-grained in areas with significant relief. This procedure improved other contrasted methodologies they were compared with. The impact of using the nearest-weather-station ETo vs interpolated value on a daily water needs was investigated and near 10% average value of error was encountered in the case study.This study has received funding from the eGROUNDWATER project (GA n. 1921) , part of the PRIMA program supported by the European Union 's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program, and the WATER4CAST project (PROMETEO/2021/074) , which is funded by the Conselleria de Innovacion, Universidades, Ciencia y Sociedad Digital de la Comunitat Valenciana.Meteorological data were provided by SIAR: " Sistema de Informacion Agroclimatica para el Regadio. Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentacion" . Special thanks to Carlos Garrido Garrido and Ivan Cilleros Fuentetaja for providing us an API-SIAR access. Thanks to Luis Bonet for giving us permission to use the picture of the IVIA-SIAR automated station.Garcia-Prats, A.; Carricondo-Antón, JM.; Jiménez Bello, MA.; Manzano Juarez, J.; López Pérez, E.; Pulido-Velazquez, M. (2023). Dynamic procedure for daily PM56 ETo mapping conducive to site-specific irrigation recommendations in areas covered by agricultural weather networks. Agricultural Water Management. 287:1-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2023.10841511828

Structuring Climate Service Co-Creation Using a Business Model Approach

[EN] Climate services are tools or products that aim to support climate-informed decision making for the adaptation to climate change. The market for climate services is dominated by public institutions, despite the efforts made by the European Commission to increase private enterprise in the market. The business model perspective has been proposed as a framework for enabling market growth through the development of appropriate business models for the provision of climate services. However, there is a lack of structured knowledge on how to approach climate service design and development from a business model standpoint. In this contribution, we first analyze the role of stakeholders in the design and development of climate services and identify opportunities for engaging users in the creation process. Afterwards, we explain our approach to climate service design and development using a business model perspective. To illustrate the proposed approach, we describe the co-creation of a climate service to support the adaptation to climate change of the urban water supply system in Valencia, Spain, and discuss the main findings and lessons learned from applying this approach.We acknowledge the European Research Area for Climate Services consortium (ER4CS) and the Agencia Estatal de Investigacion for their financial support to this research under the INNOVA project (Grant Agreement: 690462; PCIN-2017-066). This study has also been partially funded by the ADAPTAMED project (RTI2018-101483-B-I00) from the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades (MICIU) of Spain.Rubio-Martín, A.; Máñez-Costa, M.; Pulido-Velazquez, M.; Garcia-Prats, A.; Celliers, L.; Llario, F.; Macián Cervera, VJ. (2021). Structuring Climate Service Co-Creation Using a Business Model Approach. Earth's Future. 9(10):1-18. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021EF002181S11891

Characterization and Enhancement of Non-Invasive Recordings of Intestinal Myoelectrical Activity

Non

Hydrological Modeling of the Effect of the Transition From Flood to Drip Irrigation on Groundwater Recharge Using Multi-Objective Calibration

[EN] The replacement of flood-irrigation systems by drip-irrigation technology has been widely promoted with the aim of a more sustainable use of freshwater resources in irrigated agriculture. However, evidence for an irrigation efficiency paradox emphasizes the need to improve our understanding of the impacts of irrigation transformations on water resources. Here, we developed a distributed hydrological modeling approach to investigate the spatiotemporal effect of flood and drip irrigation on groundwater recharge. The approach recognizes differences in the water balance resulting from the localized application of water in surface drip-irrigated fields and the more extensive application of water in flood irrigation. The approach was applied to the semi-arid Mediterranean region of Valencia (Spain) and calibrated using a multi-objective framework. Multiple process scales were addressed within the framework by considering the annual evaporative index, monthly groundwater level dynamics, and daily soil moisture dynamics. Daily simulations from 1994 to 2015 suggested that, in our hydroclimatic conditions, (a) annual recharge is strongly related to annual rainfall, which had a four times higher impact on recharge than the type of irrigation practice, (b) flood-irrigated recharge tends to exceed drip-irrigated recharge by 10% at annual time scales, (c) however, recharge response to a particular precipitation event is smaller in flood irrigation than in drip irrigation, and (d) 8¿18 rainfall events could generate more than half of the annual recharge in drip and flood irrigation, respectively. Our results highlight the importance of understanding the hydrological dynamics under different irrigation practices for supporting irrigation infrastructure policies.The authors thank the Coop Research Program on ¿Sustainability in Food Value Chains¿ of the ETH Zurich World Food System Center and the ETH Zurich Foundation for supporting this project. The Coop Research Program is supported by the Coop Sustainability Fund. The authors also acknowledge the financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the research project TETISCHANGE (RTI2018-093717-B-100). This work was additionally supported by the ADAPTAMED research project funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (RTI2018-101483-B-I00) with European FEDER funds. The support of Andreas Scheidegger (Eawag) for statistical questions is also acknowledgedPool, S.; Francés, F.; Garcia-Prats, A.; Puertes, C.; Pulido-Velazquez, M.; Sanchis Ibor, C.; Schirmer, M.... (2021). Hydrological Modeling of the Effect of the Transition From Flood to Drip Irrigation on Groundwater Recharge Using Multi-Objective Calibration. Water Resources Research. 57(8):1-19. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021WR029677S11957

Toward a conceptual framework of the acceptability of tuberculosis treatment in children using a theory generative approach

To describe an early-stage holistic framework towards evaluating factors that impact the overall acceptability of TB treatment along the TB care cascade in children. We developed a conceptual framework utilising a theory generative approach. Domains were developed through review of existing definitions and analysis of existing qualitative data undertaken in acceptability studies of TB treatment in children. Clarity of domain definitions was achieved through iterative refinement among the research team. Three domains, each comprising several dimensions, were identified to holistically evaluate treatment acceptability: (1) usability, which involves the alignment between the requirements of treatment use and caregivers’ and children’s ability to integrate TB treatment into their everyday routines, (2) receptivity, which describes the end-user’s perception and expectations of treatment and its actual use, and (3) integration, which describes the relationship between available health services and caregivers/children’s capacity to make use of those services. Our framework addresses the gaps in current research which do not account for the influence of caregivers’ and children’s contexts on TB treatment uptake and overall acceptability. This approach may support the development of more standard, holistic measures to improve TB treatment delivery and experiences and future research in children