Polymeric nanoparticles enhance the sonodynamic activity of meso-tetrakis (4-sulfonatophenyl) porphyrin in an in vitro neuroblastoma model

PURPOSE: Sonodynamic therapy is a developing noninvasive modality for cancer treatment, based on the selective activation of a sonosensitizer agent by acoustic cavitation. The activated sonosensitizer agent might generate reactive oxygen species leading to cancer cell death. We investigated the potential poly-methyl methacrylate core-shell nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with meso-tetrakis (4-sulfonatophenyl) porphyrin (TPPS) have to function as an innovative sonosensitizing system, ie, TPPS-NPs. METHODS: Shockwaves (SWs) generated by a piezoelectric device were used to induce acoustic cavitation. The cytotoxic effect of the sonodynamic treatment with TPPS-NPs and SWs was investigated on the human neuroblastoma cell line, SH-SY5Y. Cells were exposed for 12 hours to TPPS-NPs (100 μg/mL) and then to SWs (0.43 mJ/mm(2) for 500 impulses, 4 impulses/second). Treatment with SWs, TPPS, and NPs alone or in combination was carried out as control. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant decrease in SH-SY5Y cell proliferation after the sonodynamic treatment with TPPS-NPs and SWs. Indeed, there was a significant increase in necrotic (16.91% ± 3.89%) and apoptotic (27.45% ± 3.03%) cells at 48 hours. Moreover, a 15-fold increase in reactive oxygen species production for cells exposed to TPPS-NPs and SWs was observed at 1 hour compared with untreated cells. A statistically significant enhanced mRNA (messenger ribonucleic acid) expression of NRF2 (P<0.001) and a significant downregulation of TIGAR (P<0.05) and MAP3K5 (P<0.05) genes was observed in cells exposed to TPPS-NPs and SWs at 24 hours, along with a statistically significant release of cytochrome c (P<0.01) at 48 hours. Lastly, the sonosensitizing system was also investigated in an in vitro three-dimensional model, and the sonodynamic treatment significantly decreased the neuroblastoma spheroid growth. CONCLUSION: The sonosensitizing properties of TPPS were significantly enhanced once loaded onto NPs, thus enhancing the sonodynamic treatment’s efficacy in an in vitro neuroblastoma model

An optimized, automatic TMS in operations in Roma Tiburtina and Monfalcone stations

Abstract A remarkable number of works on automatic train dispatching have recently appeared in the scientific literature, many of which also exploiting some exact or heuristic optimization. Despite of this blooming, very few automatic dispatching systems are actually in operations in main line or mass transit networks, mostly devoted to simple tasks in small lines. In this work we describe a recent implementation of a real time dispatching system monitoring and controlling trains in two large stations, namely Roma Tiburtina and Monfalcone. The system exploits optimization in order to take and implement crucial dispatching decisions. In particular, the algorithm finds suitable routes and schedules for the movements of trains in the station, so as to minimize costs and delays. The resulting trains movement is conflictfree, and respects safety and specific traffic rules. Also, it computes, exploits and provides accurate traffic forecast information based on the trains and railway real time status. A heuristic and an exact optimization algorithm, the latter based on Mixed Integer Linear Programming, are developed and run independently to introduce redundancy and increase safety. Computational experience on real-life instances shows that both methods are able to provide either good or optimal solutions in very short time (less than a second). A first release of the system is in operation since February 2014; the final release is scheduled to be operational by December 2014