Internationalising high-tech SMEs: advancing a new perspective of open innovation

Choosing a foreign market entry strategy is known to be essential for firm internationalisation yet there is very little focus on the role, purpose, and value of open innovation for internationalising high-tech SMEs. A review of the international business, international entrepreneurship and international marketing literature combined with a bibliometric mapping of 2501 articles on firm internationalisation, suggests that research does not readily associate open innovation and the internationalisation of high-tech SMEs. This is regardless of open innovation's activities that can span over a firm's immediate geographical space. Thus, this study introduces new theoretical explanations and a midrange open innovation theory to advance open innovation as an alternative foreign market entry strategy especially for internationalising high-tech SMEs. This has theoretical and practical implications for academics, international business managers, and practitioners because it introduces an alternative internationalisation strategy for SMEs

Efficient arithmetic on elliptic curves in characteristic 2

International audienceWe present normal forms for elliptic curves over a field of characteristic 2 analogous to Edwards normal form, and determine bases of addition laws, which provide strikingly simple expressions for the group law. We deduce efficient algorithms for point addition and scalar multiplication on these forms. The resulting algorithms apply to any elliptic curve over a field of characteristic 2 with a 4-torsion point, via an isomorphism with one of the normal forms. We deduce algorithms for duplication in time $2M + 5S + 2m_c$ and for addition of points in time $7M + 2S$, where $M$ is the cost of multiplication, $S$ the cost of squaring , and $m_c$ the cost of multiplication by a constant. By a study of the Kummer curves $\mathcal{K} = E/\{\pm1]\}$, we develop an algorithm for scalar multiplication with point recovery which computes the multiple of a point P with $4M + 4S + 2m_c + m_t$ per bit where $m_t$ is multiplication by a constant that depends on $P$

Increased Expression of MiR-27a and MiR-24-2 in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Purpose: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the predominant types of esophageal cancer with poor prognosis which shows high prevalence in eastern countries. Studying microRNAs that were considered for their capabilities such as tissue-specific expression and involvement in different cell features may be informative in the field of diagnostic and prognostic tumor markers. The expression levels of miR-27a and miR-24-2 have been reported to be dysregulated in various cancers and contribute in tumorigenesis and progression; thus, evaluating their expressional behavior and its association with tumor states alteration in ESCC could potentially be helpful. Methods: The study was conducted on 30 fresh specimens including tumor and normal counterparts� tissues of ESCC. After the extraction of total RNA, complementary DNA synthesis was performed by the use of linear specific primers. Eventually, real-time polymerase chain reaction was carried out for the measurement of microRNAs expression level. Results: According to the obtained data, miR 27a and miR-24-2 were significantly upregulated (~2.5 fold, p < 0.05) in tumor specimens compared with their normal adjacent tissue; Moreover, upregulation of miR-27a and 24-2 showed cooperative relationship while analyzed. However, there was no correlation between clinicopathological features and microRNAs upregulation. Conclusions: The results of this study show that miR-27a and miR-24-2 cooperatively upregulate in ESCC and suggest that these microRNAs can be introduced as a candidate for further study in the field of screening and prognostic biomarkers. © 2019, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature

Internationalization of emerging economy SMEs: a tripod approach

Research acknowledges that SMEs in advanced economies leverage institutional resources for their internationalization. But, knowledge on how emerging economies SMEs (EESMEs), competing in international markets (IMs), internationalize regardless of their size, liabilities, and foreignness is limited. Thus, by extending an integrated strategy tripod framework this study develops new theorizations to account for how EESMEs internationalize and compete in complex IMs with limited market power. Survey data involving 120 Iranian EESMEs is tested to investigate the moderation effect of international market knowledge (IMK) on their internationalization. From our analysis, it emerged that the internationalization strategies adopted by EESMEs are not only influenced by managerial perceptions of the industry, firm, and institutional factors, but also they are positively moderated by international market knowledge. Thus, IMK strengthens the influence of international supportive policies, as formal institutions, on the degree of EESME internationalization. Moreover, it implies that, EESMEs managers have to consider; (i) resource–based, institution–based, and industry–based factors as drivers for their internationalization and (ii) how IMK overshadows the effect(s) of contextual factors on their internationalization strategies

A r c h i v e o f S I D Iranian Chemical Society Molecular Cloning, Expression and Sequence Analysis of DNA Polymerase I from an Iranian Thermophilic Bacterium, Bacillus sp. G (2006)

Thermostable DNA polymerases are widely used in DNA amplification reactions such as the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), requiring the activity of the enzymes at high temperatures. The aim of the present study was to assess the potential biotechnological capabilities of Iranian thermostable DNA polymerases. To this end, we cloned the gene encoding a DNA polymerase from a novel thermophilic eubacterium, Bacillus sp. G (2006). Phylogentic analysis of this gene revealed that the new isolate belongs to the genera Bacillus. Sequence analysis of the fragment produced by degenerate primers also showed that it consists of 2,631 bp encoding an 876 amino acid protein, and subsequent amino acid sequence analysis of this DNA polymerase showed that it belongs to family A-type DNA polymerases. The expression vector pET28a (+) was chosen for expression of the gene fragment in the mesophilic host bacterium E. coli BL21. This expression vector has some advantages such as attachment of a Poly-His tag to the N-terminus of the protein for the ease of purification and a powerful promoter of lac-Z induced by IPTG. The band corresponding to the protein product was observed in the molecular weight range of about 100KDa on the SDS-PAGE gel after heat and Ni +2 -NTA column chromatography. Using the dot blot technique, the polymerase activity of the enzyme was qualitatively confirmed at 70 °C. Therefore, it is suggested that optimizations of this activity could make this enzyme appropriate for PCR processes in future

INJECTIVE ENCODINGS TO ELLIPTIC CURVES

Abstract. We investigate the problem of constructing efficient, efficiently invertible injective maps with large image to the set of rational points of an elliptic curve over a finite field, and obtain an essentially optimal solution for a large families of curves, including all Edwards curves with a complete addition law. 1