The regulation and structure of nonlife insurance in the United States

The insurance industry is underdeveloped in most developing countries because of low levels of income and wealth and because restrictive regulations inhibit the supply of insurance services. But several countries have begun to reform their insurance industries. To help those countries, the authors offer an overview of insurance regulation in the United States - and discuss the economics and market structure of nonlife insurance in entry and exit barriers, economies of scale, and conduct and performance studies. They conclude that the U.S. nonlife insurance industry exhibits low concentration at both national and state market levels. Concentration is low even on a line-by-line basis. The primary concern of regulators has been to protect policyholders from insolvency, but regulation has also often been used to protect the market position of local insurance companies against the entry of out-of-state competitors. Regulation has worked best when based on solvency monitoring, with limited restrictions on entry. It has been more harmful when it involved controls on premiums and products and on the industry's level of profitability. Over the years the industry has shown a remarkable degree of innovation, although it has also faced many serious and persistent problems. The problems include the widespread crisis in liability (including product liability and medical malpractice), the crisis in automobile insurance, the volatility of investment income, the effects of market-driven pricing and underwriting cycles, and the difficulty of measuring insurance solvency. The long-tailed lines of insurance - those that entail long delays in final settlements - are exposed to the vagaries of inflation and rising costs. Two mandatory lines - third party automobile insurance and workers'compensation (for work accidents) - account for nearly 55 percent of premiums. These two lines - plus medical malpractice, other liability, and aircraft insurance - had combined ratios well over 125 percent in 1989. The industry has some ability to collude and to set prices, but seems to be competitive and to earn profits below similarly situated financial firms. Insurance profitability is not consistently above or below normal returns, although earnings for mandatory and strictly regulated lines of automobile insurance and workers'compensation appear to be below-adequate for long-term viability.Insurance&Risk Mitigation,Non Bank Financial Institutions,Insurance Law,Environmental Economics&Policies,Financial Intermediation

Sustaining a federation of future internet experimental facilities

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Profesionalisme Aparatur Polisi Pamong Praja di Kabupaten Minahasa Tenggara dalam Pelaksanaan Tugas Penegakkan Peraturan Daerah

This study aims to assess the professionalism of civil service police officers in the execution of duties enforcement of local regulations. From the research conducted, it can be concluded that PP atpol aparats Professionalism in Minahasa southeast in order Enforcement Regulation of Regions supported by aspects such profesionalism; Competence (in terms of recruitment and formal education), Human Resources Management System (recruitment patterns), Payroll System, Education and Training Apparatus, Reward and Punishment, Creativity, Motivation, Innovation and responsiveness

Peranan Hubungan Kerja Kemanusiaan terhadap Proses Pengambilan Keputusan (suatu Studi pada Kantor Kecamatan Malalayang Kota Manado)

Human relations are already implemented in the life of the Organization, both private andgovernmental, but kenayataan showed that not a few others agencies or Government agencies thatare less attention to certain aspects of the approach to human relations, especially with regard toissues of concern the nature of the psychological, social and batiniah. One example of a case whichcan be removed in this study is in the Sub-district offices environments Malalayang as objects ofresearch. This research aims to know the role of the humanitarian work of the decision makingprocess in the Office of subdistrict malalayang.This research uses a type of quantitative research using existing formulas.In this study have been reflected clearly the role of the humanitarian work of the existing decisionmaking processes in the Office of subdistrict Malalayan

Identitas Etnik Keturunan Pengawal Imam Bonjol Di Desa Lotta Kabupaten Minahasa

Indonesia adalah sebuah negara yang memiliki semboyan Bhineka Tunggal Ika (berbeda-beda tetapi tetap satu) yang didalamnya terkandung makna yang mendalam, sekaligus menunjukkan identitas bangsa Indonesia sebagai bangsa majemuk yang dapat dilihat dari beragam budaya yang mendiami berbagai pulau yang ada di Indonesia. Budaya memberikan Identitas etnik merupakan sebuah ciri khas yang melekat pada suatu kelompok etnik tertentu, sekaligus pembeda antara entik yang satu dengan lainya. Terutama disaat mereka berinteraksi dengan logat, tata cara, perilaku nonverbal, atau simbol-simbol lain yang digunakan. Hal ini yang akan dilakukan untuk untuk menegtahui apa yang terjadi pada Identitas Etnik Keturunan Pengawal Imam Bonjol di Desa Lotta Kabupaten Minahasa. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori etnisitas situasional dan metode penelitian kualitatif. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa keturunan Pengawal Imam Bonjol belum memahami dan mengetahui akan identitas etnik mereka, karena ada hambatan yang datang dari kurangnya kesadaran dan kepedulian keturunan Pengawal imam bonjol. Hal yang dapat disarankan ialah agarketurunan Pengawal Imam Bonjol diharapkan mampu memahami dan mengetahui serta menumbuhkan kesadaran diri akan pentingnya identitas etnik dalam pengembangan dan pelestarian budaya

Optimal Control of Superconducting N-level quantum systems

We consider a current-biased dc SQUID in the presence of an applied time-dependent bias current or magnetic flux. The phase dynamics of such a Josephson device is equivalent to that of a quantum particle trapped in a $1-$D anharmonic potential, subject to external time-dependent control fields, {\it i.e.} a driven multilevel quantum system. The problem of finding the required time-dependent control field that will steer the system from a given initial state to a desired final state at a specified final time is formulated in the framework of optimal control theory. Using the spectral filter technique, we show that the selected optimal field which induces a coherent population transfer between quantum states is represented by a carrier signal having a constant frequency but which is time-varied both in amplitude and phase. The sensitivity of the optimal solution to parameter perturbations is also addressed

Effect of Simulation Based Practice on Attitude, Confidence and Perception of Learning Outcomes of Nursing Students

Introduction: Simulation in nursing education has detonated recently and the use of high fidelity simulators is growing. Simulation means creating situations that resemble situations arise in clinical practice in a safe and less complex environment to enhance students’ learning without putting the patient at risk.  The clinical experience is a significant part of nursing education and students’ preparation for future practice as nurses. However, nursing students sometimes lack self-confidence and experience fear and stress about meeting performance expectations.   It is important for nursing curricula to incorporate educational strategies that foster learning, decrease anxiety and stress, strengths critical thinking and increase self-confidence.  The objective of this study was to examine the effect of simulation based practice on attitude, confidence and learning outcomes among nursing students. Methods: A descriptive design with pre and post-test was employed with a convenience sample of 68 nursing students from college of nursing at King Saud Bin Abdul Aziz University for Health sciences, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The Simulation Effectiveness Tool was used to collect data in addition to demographic profile of participants. The tool has been used widely and has a good reliability. Results:  Results showed a mean age of 20.26 (.75) years old and a mean of 3.1 out of 5 for GPA.  Majority were singles, has no previous hospital experience and few previous simulation experience. Students showed positive attitude toward the use of simulation in the pre-test. Students reported improvement in their confidence in preparation for real patients, decision making, what to tell health care providers, recognizing and predicting changes in patients’ condition. Regarding learning outcomes, majority reported that they developed critical thinking abilities, better understanding of clinical experience, assessment skills, decision making skills, and learned from debriefing, observation and peer. Conclusion and recommendations: Existing evidence from the current study support that the use of simulation is tangible teaching and learning methods and students can get many benefits not limited to knowledge gain, application of knowledge, and self-confidence.  Application of simulation in all nursing courses, with more training is highly recommended.  Studying effect of simulation on specific competency and patients outcomes is also crucial. Key words: simulation, attitude, confidence, learning outcome

Synthesis and Characterization of Magnetic-hydroxyapatite Composite Using One-spot Coprecipitation Method

SYNTHESISANDCHARACTERIZATIONOFMAGNETIC-HYDROXYAPATITECOMPOSITE USINGONE SPOTCOPRECIPITATIONMETHOD. Nanocomposite ofmagnetic-hydroxyapatite (MHAP) has the potential to be developed as a biocompatible-biodegradable material for bone cancer diagnosis and therapy. In this study, such compositematerials have been successfully synthesized by one-spot coprecipitation method and ultrasonic dispersion. The mass ratio between magnetic and hydroxyapatite fraction were varied to 30:70 (K30), 40:60 (K40) and 50:50 (K50). X-RayDiffractometer, Transmission Electron Microscope, Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectrometer andVibrating SampleMagnetometer were used for characterizing the properties of MHAP composite. X-Ray Diffraction pattern reveals the presence of magnetic and HAP phases, confirm the establishment of MHAP composite system. TEMimage and FT-IR spectra shows the sphericalmorphology of magnetic nanoparticles with a size of ~ 10 nm entrapped within HAP nanorod structure without any chemical bonding between the two phase.With such physical composite mechanismand higher energy induce by ultrasonic dispersion process, magnetic fraction of even 50% mass fraction could still be loaded into HAP matrix and provide maximum magnetisation value of 34.6 emu/g. This magnetization value is higher than the result of another study of MHAP synthesis, giving better prospect for bone cancer diagnosis and therapy