Formulation development and Optimization of Diclofenac Sodium Extended release Matrix tablets as per USP standards.

Objetivo: Formular diclofenaco sódico extendido tabletas de liberación como por las normas dadas para las tabletas de liberación prolongada de diclofenaco sódico en USP.Materiales y métodos: las tabletas de liberación prolongada de sodio diclofenaco fue preparado utilizando diferente concentración de polímeros como sódico de celulosa de metilo hidroxilo propilo K4M (HPMC K4M) y sodio de celulosa de hidroxilo propil metil K15M (HPMC K15M). Las interacciones de polímero de drogas se estudiaron utilizando espectroscopia de (FT-IR) infrarroja de transformada de Fourier. La liberación de drogas in vitro y drogas liberación estudios cinéticos de todas las formulaciones fueron realizadas y en comparación con el producto comercializado Sor Fenac La optimización hecha teniendo en cuenta factores tales como límite de liberación de drogas dado por exponente de t50 estándar, % y liberación USP (‘ n ‘ valor como por Korsmeyer Peppas).Resultados y conclusiones: FT-IR la espectroscopia estudios revelaron que no hubo ninguna interacción entre drogas y excipientes. La liberación de drogas señaló que depende de la concentración y naturaleza de la tasa de control de polímeros utilizados. Los ANOVA los estudios revelaron que las formulaciones muestran un efecto significativo en la liberación de drogas. Los estudios de optimización demostraron que la formulación que contiene drogas, proporción de polímero (HPMC K4M) de 1:1.5 (formulación M3) es la formulación más satisfactoria. Los estudios de estabilidad demostraron que la formulación es estable.Aim: To formulate Diclofenac sodium extended release tablets as per the standards given for extended release tablets of Diclofenac sodium in USP.Materials and Methods: The extended release tablets of Diclofenac sodium was prepared by using different concentration of polymers such as hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose sodium K4M (HPMC K4M) and hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose sodium K15M (HPMC K15M). The drug polymer interactions were studied by using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The in vitro drug release and drug release kinetic studies of all the formulations were performed and compared with the marketed product Fenac SR. The optimization done by considering the factors such as drug release limit given as per USP standard, t50% and release exponent (‘n’ value as per Korsmeyer Peppas).Results and Conclusions: The FT-IR spectroscopy studies revealed that there was no interaction between drug and excipients. The drug release observed that it depends on the concentration and nature of the rate controlling polymers used. The ANOVA studies revealed that the formulations show significant effect in drug release. The optimization studies proved that the formulation containing drug, polymer (HPMC K4M) ratio of 1:1.5 (Formulation M3) is the most satisfactory formulation. The stability studies proved that the formulation is stable

Molecular Characterisation of Small Molecule Agonists Effect on the Human Glucagon Like Peptide-1 Receptor Internalisation

The glucagon-like peptide receptor (GLP-1R), which is a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR), signals through both Gαs and Gαq coupled pathways and ERK phosphorylation to stimulate insulin secretion. The aim of this study was to determine molecular details of the effect of small molecule agonists, compounds 2 and B, on GLP-1R mediated cAMP production, intracellular Ca2+ accumulation, ERK phosphorylation and its internalisation. In human GLP-1R (hGLP-1R) expressing cells, compounds 2 and B induced cAMP production but caused no intracellular Ca2+ accumulation, ERK phosphorylation or hGLP-1R internalisation. GLP-1 antagonists Ex(9-39) and JANT-4 and the orthosteric binding site mutation (V36A) in hGLP-1R failed to inhibit compounds 2 and B induced cAMP production, confirming that their binding site distinct from the GLP-1 binding site on GLP-1R. However, K334A mutation of hGLP-1R, which affects Gαs coupling, inhibited GLP-1 as well as compounds 2 and B induced cAMP production, indicating that GLP-1, compounds 2 and B binding induce similar conformational changes in the GLP-1R for Gαs coupling. Additionally, compound 2 or B binding to the hGLP-1R had significantly reduced GLP-1 induced intracellular Ca2+ accumulation, ERK phosphorylation and hGLP-1R internalisation. This study illustrates pharmacology of differential activation of GLP-1R by GLP-1 and compounds 2 and B

Desarrollo de formulación y optimización de diclofenaco sódico extendido liberación tabletas de matriz como por las normas de la USP

Aim: To formulate Diclofenac sodium extended release tablets as per the standards given for extended release tablets of Diclofenac sodium in USP. Materials and Methods: The extended release tablets of Diclofenac sodium was prepared by using different concentration of polymers such as hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose sodium K4M (HPMC K4M) and hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose sodium K15M (HPMC K15M). The drug polymer interactions were studied by using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The in vitro drug release and drug release kinetic studies of all the formulations were performed and compared with the marketed product Fenac SR. The optimization done by considering the factors such as drug release limit given as per USP standard, t50% and release exponent (‘n’ value as per Korsmeyer Peppas). Results and Conclusions: The FT-IR spectroscopy studies revealed that there was no interaction between drug and excipients. The drug release observed that it depends on the concentration and nature of the rate controlling polymers used. The ANOVA studies revealed that the formulations show significant effect in drug release. The optimization studies proved that the formulation containing drug, polymer (HPMC K4M) ratio of 1:1.5 (Formulation M3) is the most satisfactory formulation. The stability studies proved that the formulation is stable.Objetivo: Formular diclofenaco sódico extendido tabletas de liberación como por las normas dadas para las tabletas de liberación prolongada de diclofenaco sódico en USP. Materiales y métodos: las tabletas de liberación prolongada de sodio diclofenaco fue preparado utilizando diferente concentración de polímeros como sódico de celulosa de metilo hidroxilo propilo K4M (HPMC K4M) y sodio de celulosa de hidroxilo propil metil K15M (HPMC K15M). Las interacciones de polímero de drogas se estudiaron utilizando espectroscopia de (FT-IR) infrarroja de transformada de Fourier. La liberación de drogas in vitro y drogas liberación estudios cinéticos de todas las formulaciones fueron realizadas y en comparación con el producto comercializado Sor Fenac La optimización hecha teniendo en cuenta factores tales como límite de liberación de drogas dado por exponente de t50 estándar, % y liberación USP (‘ n ‘ valor como por Korsmeyer Peppas). Resultados y conclusiones: FT-IR la espectroscopia estudios revelaron que no hubo ninguna interacción entre drogas y excipientes. La liberación de drogas señaló que depende de la concentración y naturaleza de la tasa de control de polímeros utilizados. Los ANOVA los estudios revelaron que las formulaciones muestran un efecto significativo en la liberación de drogas. Los estudios de optimización demostraron que la formulación que contiene drogas, proporción de polímero (HPMC K4M) de 1:1.5 (formulación M3) es la formulación más satisfactoria. Los estudios de estabilidad demostraron que la formulación es estable.Nehru college of Pharmacy, Pampay, Kerala was provided excellent facility for doing the research work

Broadband robustly single-mode hollow-core PCF by resonant filtering of higher-order modes

We report a hollow-core photonic crystal fiber that is engineered so as to strongly suppress higher-order modes, i.e., to provide robust LP01 single-mode guidance in all the wavelength ranges where the fiber guides with low loss. Encircling the core is a single ring of nontouching glass elements whose modes are tailored to ensure resonant phase-matched coupling to higher-order core modes. We show that the resulting modal filtering effect depends on only one dimensionless shape parameter, akin to the well-known d/Lambda parameter for endlessly single-mode solid-core PCF. Fabricated fibers show higher-order mode losses some similar to 100 higher than for the LP01 mode, with LP01 losses 110 THz bandwidth. (C) 2016 Optical Society of Americ

Cushing's syndrome: a practical approach to diagnosis and differential diagnoses

Diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome (CS) and identification of the aetiology of hypercortisolism can be challenging. The Endocrine Society clinical practice guidelines recommends one of the four tests for initial screening of CS, namely, urinary-free cortisol, late night salivary cortisol, overnight dexamethasone suppression test or a longer low-dose dexamethasone suppression test, for 48 hours. Confirmation and localisation of CS requires additional biochemical and radiological tests. Radiological evaluation involves different imaging modalities including MRI with or without different radio-nuclear imaging techniques. Invasive testing such as bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling may be necessary in some patients for accurate localisation of the cause for hypercortisolism. This best practice review discusses a practical approach for the diagnostic evaluation of CS with a brief discussion on differential diagnoses, and cyclical CS, to enhance the skills of clinicians and laboratory personnel.</jats:p