959 research outputs found
Application of superconducting coils to the NASA prototype magnetic balance
Application of superconducting coils to a general purpose magnetic balance was studied. The most suitable currently available superconducting cable for coils appears to be a bundle of many fine wires which are transposed and are mechanically confined. Sample coils were tested at central fields up to .5 Tesla, slewing rates up to 53 Tesla/ sec and frequencies up to 30 Hz. The ac losses were measured from helium boil-off and were approximately 20% higher than those calculated. Losses were dominated by hysteresis and a model for loss calculation which appears suitable for design purposes is presented along with computer listings. Combinations of two coils were also tested and interaction losses are reported. Two feasible geometries are also presented for prototype magnetic balance using superconductors
Review of Current Methodological Approaches for Characterizing MicroRNAs in Plants
Advances in molecular
biology have led to some surprising discoveries.
One of these includes the complexities of RNA
and its role in gene expression. One particular
class of RNA called microRNA (miRNA) is the
focus of this paper. We will first
briefly look at some of the characteristics and
biogenesis of miRNA in plant systems. The
remainder of the paper will go into details of
three different approaches used to identify and
study miRNA. These include two reverse genetics
approaches: computation (bioinformatics) and
experimental, and one rare forward genetics
approach. We also will summarize how to measure
and quantify miRNAs, and how to detect their
possible targets in plants. Strengths and
weaknesses of each methodological approach are
discussed
The mineral/water interface probed with nonlinear optical spectroscopy
The interaction between minerals and water is manifold and complex: the mineral surface can be (de)protonated by water, thereby changing its charge; mineral ions dissolved into the aqueous phase screen the surface charges. Both factors affect the interaction with water. Intrinsically molecular-level processes and interactions govern macroscopic phenomena, such as flow-induced dissolution, wetting, and charging. This realization is increasingly prompting molecular-level studies of mineralāwater interfaces. Here, we provide an overview of recent developments in surface-specific nonlinear spectroscopy techniques such as sum frequency and second harmonic generation (SFG/SHG), which can provide information about the molecular arrangement of the first few layers of water molecules at the mineral surface. The results illustrate the subtleties of both chemical and physical interactions between water and the mineral as well as the critical role of mineral dissolution and other ions in solution for determining those interactions
Algorithms to estimate Shapley value feature attributions
Feature attributions based on the Shapley value are popular for explaining
machine learning models; however, their estimation is complex from both a
theoretical and computational standpoint. We disentangle this complexity into
two factors: (1)~the approach to removing feature information, and (2)~the
tractable estimation strategy. These two factors provide a natural lens through
which we can better understand and compare 24 distinct algorithms. Based on the
various feature removal approaches, we describe the multiple types of Shapley
value feature attributions and methods to calculate each one. Then, based on
the tractable estimation strategies, we characterize two distinct families of
approaches: model-agnostic and model-specific approximations. For the
model-agnostic approximations, we benchmark a wide class of estimation
approaches and tie them to alternative yet equivalent characterizations of the
Shapley value. For the model-specific approximations, we clarify the
assumptions crucial to each method's tractability for linear, tree, and deep
models. Finally, we identify gaps in the literature and promising future
research directions
Characterization of growth and metabolism of the haloalkaliphile Natronomonas pharaonis
Natronomonas pharaonis is an archaeon adapted to two extreme conditions: high salt concentration and alkaline pH. It has become one of the model organisms for the study of extremophilic life. Here, we present a genome-scale, manually curated metabolic reconstruction for the microorganism. The reconstruction itself represents a knowledge base of the haloalkaliphile's metabolism and, as such, would greatly assist further investigations on archaeal pathways. In addition, we experimentally determined several parameters relevant to growth, including a characterization of the biomass composition and a quantification of carbon and oxygen consumption. Using the metabolic reconstruction and the experimental data, we formulated a constraints-based model which we used to analyze the behavior of the archaeon when grown on a single carbon source. Results of the analysis include the finding that Natronomonas pharaonis, when grown aerobically on acetate, uses a carbon to oxygen consumption ratio that is theoretically near-optimal with respect to growth and energy production. This supports the hypothesis that, under simple conditions, the microorganism optimizes its metabolism with respect to the two objectives. We also found that the archaeon has a very low carbon efficiency of only about 35%. This inefficiency is probably due to a very low P/O ratio as well as to the other difficulties posed by its extreme environment
Network integration meets network dynamics
Molecular interaction networks provide a window on the workings of the cell. However, combining various types of networks into one coherent large-scale dynamic model remains a formidable challenge. A recent paper in BMC Systems Biology describes a promising step in this direction
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Arsenic Cleanup Criteria for Soils in the US and Abroad: Comparing Guidelines and Understanding Inconsistencies
Widely divergent cleanup targets, guidelines and standards for arsenic in soils have been established by many regulatory, scientific and advisory organizations in the past 25 years, both in the United States and in other countries. In contrast to many other substances, for which guidelines and standards are similar or identical among agencies, arsenic has provided a powerful study in just how many different ways a single issue can be viewed. This paper provides a detailed survey concerning the breadth of arsenic soil criteria that have been proposed and applied, and explores the basic differences in their derivation, which can be based upon toxicological properties, geological background levels, anthropogenic background contributions, and practical site-specific considerations. A broad comparison of extant values in common use for USEPA, individual states, and non-US entities will be presented, coupled with a discussion regarding common examples of the technical bases for arsenic soil cleanup guideline development. Arsenic target levels in many cases can dominate remedial considerations at sites where the applicable criteria are very stringent. Several case studies will be presented to illustrate the problems that are inherent in such variable criteria for this ubiquitous and extraordinarily common substance
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