Conidial Morphogenesis and Septin-Mediated Plant Infection Require Smo1, a Ras GTPase-Activating Protein in Magnaporthe oryzae

The pathogenic life cycle of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae involves a series of morphogenetic changes, essential for its ability to cause disease. The smo mutation was identified > 25 years ago, and affects the shape and development of diverse cell types in M. oryzae, including conidia, appressoria, and asci. All attempts to clone the SMO1 gene by map-based cloning or complementation have failed over many years. Here, we report the identification of SMO1 by a combination of bulk segregant analysis and comparative genome analysis. SMO1 encodes a GTPase-activating protein, which regulates Ras signaling during infection-related development. Targeted deletion of SMO1 results in abnormal, nonadherent conidia, impaired in their production of spore tip mucilage. Smo1 mutants also develop smaller appressoria, with a severely reduced capacity to infect rice plants. SMO1 is necessary for the organization of microtubules and for septin-dependent remodeling of the F-actin cytoskeleton at the appressorium pore. Smol physically interacts with components of the Ras2 signaling complex, and a range of other signaling and cytoskeletal components, including the four core septins. SMO1 is therefore necessary for the regulation of RAS activation required for conidial morphogenesis and septin-mediated plant infection

E-learning

Artykuł przedstawia czym jest e-learning, jak i gdzie jest on dzisiaj wykorzystywany. Informuje także jakie programy e-learningowe stworzyła firma Plocman sp. z o.o. w szeroko rozumianej dziedzinie bezpieczeństwa i zarządzania kryzysowego.The article describes what is e-learning and where we can use it. As well informs what e-learning programs were created by Plocman company in scope of safety and risk management

Transport Infrastructure Parameters Needed to Develop a Model of Logistic System in Poland

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki grantu rozwojowego R10 00270G/2009, pt. "Model systemu logistycznego Polski jako droga do komodalności transportu w Unii Europejskiej", dofinansowanego przez Narodowe Centrum Badań i Rozwoju. Opisano wieloszczeblową kwantyfikację elementów systemu logistycznego Polski. Wyszczególniono infrastrukturalne elementy punktowe i liniowe oraz określono charakterystyki tych elementów. Dokonano przeglądu istniejących, zinformatyzowanych baz danych, zawierających parametry infrastruktury transportu.The paper presents the results of a development grant R10 00270G/2009: "A Model of Poland's Logistic System as the Way towards Transport Co-modality in the European Union"- partially funded by the National Centre for Research and Development. Multistage quantification of Poland's logistic system was described. Infrastructural elements by points and linearly were detailed and characterized. A review of existing digitalized data bases containing transport infrastructure parameters was made