Investigations on the Genus Rhizoecus (Hemiptera: Rhizoecidae) with Description of Two New Species from South America

Neotropical species of the scale insect genus Rhizoecus Kunckel d'Herculais (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Rhizoecidae) found in soil sample material of the Hungarian Natural History Museum were studied. Two new Rhizoecus species, Rhizoecus kontschani Kaydan and Konczne Benedicty sp. n., and Rhizoecus granaradewillinkae Kaydan and Szita sp. n., are described and illustrated based on the adult females. Also, the adult females of Rhizoecus keysensis Hambleton and Rhizoecus pseudocacticans Hambleton are illustrated. An identification key and new additional locality records for the currently known Rhizoecus species are provided

Integrative taxonomy methods reveal high mealybug (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) diversity in southern Brazilian fruit crops.

The Serra Gaúcha region is the most important temperate fruit-producing area in southern Brazil. Despite mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) infesting several host plants in the region, there is a lack of information about the composition of species damaging different crops. A survey of mealybug species associated with commercial fruit crops (apple, persimmon, strawberry and grapes) was performed in Serra Gaúcha between 2013 and 2015, using both morphology and DNA analyses for species identification. The most abundant species were Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret), found on all four host plant species, and Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell), infesting persimmon, vines and weeds. The highest diversity of mealybug species was found on persimmon trees, hosting 20 different taxa, of which Anisococcus granarae Pacheco da Silva & Kaydan, D. brevipes, Pseudococcus sociabilis Hambleton and Ps. viburni were the most abundant. A total of nine species were recorded in vineyards. Planococcus ficus (Signoret) and Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti) were observed causing damage to grapes for the first time. A single species, Ps. viburni, was found associated with apples, while both Ps. viburni and Ferrisia meridionalis Williams were found on strawberry. Four of the mealybug species found represent new records for Brazil

Mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) associated with persimmon Diospyros kaki L. (Ebenaceae) in Southern Brazil.

Temperate fruit production is an important economic activity in Southern Brazil. In this region, persimmon Diospyros kaki L. (Ebenaceae) is grown in small farms for domestic consumption and internal market. Mealybugs are o*en found in at least 50% of the orchards causing damages on fruits due to the honeydew secretion. However, there is a lack of informatin about species composition damaging orchards in Southern Brazil. In this work, we present a survey of mealybugs associated with persimmon trees in the Serra Gaúcha Region, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Scale insects (Hemiptera, Coccomorpha: Diaspididae, and Pseudococcidae) found on Myrciaria dubia in Pará State, Brazil

The present study aimed to report the occurrence of scale insects, namely Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linnaeus, 1758), Ischnaspis longirostris (Signoret, 1882), Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret, 1869) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), and Nipaecoccus filicis Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992 (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on plants of Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) McVaugh (Myrtaceae) in the experimental fields of Embrapa Amazônia Oriental in the municipalities of Belém and Tomé-Açu, Pará State, Brazil. This is the first report of these species on M. dubia, as well as of N. filicis in Brazil

Soft scale insect (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) species of Eastern Anatolia of Turkey

This study aimed to identify soft scale insect species in five provinces (Ağrı, Bitlis, Hakkari, Iğdır and Van) in Eastern Anatolia. Species of the family Coccidae were collected from natural and cultivated plants between 2005 and 2008. In total, 31 species in 17 genera were found, including fifteen new species records for the Turkish scale insect fauna, namely: Didesmococcus unifasciatus, Eulecanium caraganae, Eulecanium ficiphilum, Lecanopsis subterranea, Lecanopsis taurica, Pulvinaria tremulae, Rhizopulvinaria armeniaca, Rhizopulvinaria dianthi, Rhizopulvinaria grandicula, Rhizopulvinaria hissarica, Rhizopulvinaria megriensis, Rhizopulvinaria turkmenica, Rhizopulvinaria variabilis, Rhodococcus turanicus and Vittacoccus longicornis

Ferrisia colombiana Kaydan & Gullan 2012, sp. n.

Ferrisia colombiana Kaydan & Gullan sp. n. (Fig. 6) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: ED34BC70-7B40-43C2-96B0-9C6C896886A3 Type material. Holotype: adult ♀ (farthest from data label on slide with 2 paratypes), ex cut flower, COLOMBIA, Guacamaya, intercepted at Miami, 076163, 88-04646, 15.iv.1988, L. Chang (USNM). Paratypes: 2 adult ♀ on same slide as holotype (USNM). ADULT FEMALE. Diagnosis. Ferrisia colombiana can be diagnosed by the following combination of features: absence of clusters of small oral-collar tubular ducts on ventral margins of abdominal segments; ventral oral-collar tubular ducts generally associated with 1 or 2 discoidal pores on derm around duct rim, each pore 4–5 µm in diameter and almost two times larger than duct opening; dorsal enlarged tubular ducts totalling 10–29 throughout dorsum, rim of each duct with 1 or 2 oval discoidal pores (sometimes 2 pores almost merged) usually associated with duct opening; number of multilocular disc pores on venter of abdominal segments as follows: V (0 or 1), VI (6–10), VII (14–22), and VIII + IX (8–14); both pairs of ostioles present and well developed. Ferrisia colombiana can be readily distinguished from other species in the genus by having a small number of enlarged dorsal tubular ducts; lacking clusters of small marginal oral-collar tubular ducts; having large discodial pores associated with the ventral oral-collar tubular ducts; and by the presence of multilocular disc pores on abdominal segment VI. Ferrisia colombiana is most similar to F. pitcairnia but the adult female of F. colombiana is usually much larger than those of F. pitcairnia, and slide-mounted specimens of F. colombiana can be distinguished readily from F. pitcairnia by the presence of translucent pores on the hind legs (absent in F. pitcairnia) and by having a higher number of ventral oral-collar tubular ducts (59–75 in F. colombiana and 15–23 in F. pitcairnia). Description of slide-mounted specimens (based on 3 specimens; Fig. 6). Body elongate oval, 1.94–2.10 mm long (holotype 2.00 mm), 1.04–1.18 mm wide (holotype 1.18 mm). Eye marginal, 55–65 µm wide. Antenna 8 segmented, 410–425 µm long; apical segment 95–100 µm long, 27–30 µm wide. Clypeolabral shield 180–195 µm long, 175–182 µm wide. Labium 160–195 µm long, 120–155 µm wide. Anterior spiracles 70–75 µm long, 30–38 µm wide across atrium; posterior spiracles 70–85 µm long, 45–50 µm wide across atrium. Circulus quadrate, 120–150 µm wide, divided by an intersegmental line. Legs well developed; hind trochanter + femur 325–350 µm long, hind tibia + tarsus 330–375 µm long, hind claw 32–35 µm long. Ratio of lengths of hind tibia + tarsus to hind trochanter + femur 1.0–1.07; ratio of lengths of hind tibia to tarsus 2.28–2.66; ratio of length of hind trochanter + femur to greatest width of femur 3.71–4.38. Tarsal digitules subequal, each 47–53 µm long. Claw digitules subequal, each 30–38 µm long. Translucent pores present on hind legs on coxa, femur and distally on tibia, totalling 22–34. Ostioles: both pairs present; each anterior ostiole, with 26–34 trilocular pores and 4–8 setae; each posterior ostiole with 28–35 trilocular pores and 7–8 setae. Anal ring 67–83 µm wide, with 6 anal ring setae, each seta 155–175 µm long. Dorsum. Anal lobe cerarii each with 2 conical setae, 34–38 µm long, with 29–38 trilocular pores and 3–7 auxiliary setae. Dorsal body setae short and slender, each 15–55 µm long. Trilocular pores each 3–4 µm in diameter. Enlarged tubular ducts totalling 10–29 on dorsum, each duct 25–33 µm long, 5–6 µm wide at mid-length, duct opening sclerotised, 7–10 µm in diameter, surrounded by a sclerotised circular rim 17–23 µm in diameter, enclosing 1 or 2 oval discoidal pores and 2–6 (generally 3 or 4) setae; if discoidal pores present on sclerotised rim adjacent to duct opening, sometimes 2 pores almost merged; setae associated with ducts each 20–40 µm long, usually either within sclerotised area around rim (especially on abdomen) or on edge of sclerotisation (especially on head); ducts distributed only marginally on head, thorax and abdominal segments; each segment with 0–2 ducts, but with 2 or 3 ducts on each side of abdominal segment VII. Venter. Body setae slender, each 17–150 µm long, longest setae present medially on head; apical seta of anal lobe 210–240 µm long. Multilocular disc pores present on posterior abdominal segments: 0 or 1 pore on segment V, 6–10 on segment VI, 14–22 on segment VII, 8–14 on segments VIII + IX; each pore 7–10 (mostly 8–9) µm in diameter. Trilocular pores each 2.5–4.0 µm in diameter. Discoidal pores each 4–5 µm in diameter scattered on ventral surface and generally associated with oral-collar tubular ducts, generally 1 or 2 on each anal lobe. Oralcollar tubular ducts small, each 7–10 µm long, 2.5–3.0 µm wide, mostly associated with 1 discoidal pore (rarely 2), filament of duct not visible on specimens available; ducts totalling 59–75, distributed as follows: 14–25 on head and thorax, and on abdominal segments: 4–6 in total on I–III; 2–4 on IV; 8–10 on V; 5–13 on VI; 8–16 on VII; none on VIII. Etymology. This species is named for the country of the only known specimens and should be treated as a noun in apposition.Published as part of Kaydan, M. B. & Gullan, P. J., 2012, 3543, pp. 1-65 in Zootaxa 3543 on pages 14-1

Ferrisia setosa

Ferrisia setosa (Lobdell) (Fig. 18) Trionymus setosus Lobdell, 1930: 220. Erium setosum; Lindinger, 1935: 122. Change of combination. Ferrisiana setosa; Ferris, 1950: 91. Change of combination. Ferrisia setosa; McKenzie, 1967: 179. Change of combination. Ferrisia lobdellae Varshney, 1982: 857. Unjustified replacement name; discovered by Ben-Dov, 1994: 164. Type material examined. Holotype of Trionymus setosus Lobdell: adult ♀, larger specimen (4.0 mm long, 2.5 mm wide) on slide with 1 other adult ♀, slide labels: “Lachnodiella / liquidambaris / On Sweet Gum Roots / Durant, Miss. / Prop.? / Coll. G.R. Williams / Sept. 18, 1926 / S. R. 9740 Draw [this word in pencil]” and “ Trionymus / setosus n. sp. / On Sweet gum roots / Prop.? / G.R. Williams, Coll. / Sept. 18, 1926 / S. R. 9740”; slide envelope: “setosus n. sp. Durant Sept 18, 1926 / on sweet gum roots Holotype / Trionymus S.R.9740” (MEM). Paratypes: 1 adult ♀, on same slide as holotype (MEM); 5 adult ♀ (1 slide), same data as holotype but envelope also says “ On Sweetgum near ground attended by ants / Paratype ” (MEM); 1 adult ♀, same data as holotype except labelled as “ Paratype ” and host given as Liquidamber styraciflua (USNM); 10 adult ♀ (5 slides), labels: “Type material” and “ Trionymus / setosus Lobd. / On Sweet gum / Durant, Miss. / Coll. G.R. Williams / 9- 18-26 / L.E.M. (BME); 6 first-instar nymphs (1 slide), labels: “ Trionymus / setosus n. sp. / crawlers on Sweet gum / Bird Reserve / A & M. College, Miss / J. N. Roney, Coll. / Crawlers Sept 28 from / Durant, Miss.” and “Crawlers / from Durant / Miss. Sept. 28, / 1926. Second / generation / crawlers / Dec 3, 1926 ” and envelope also says “ Paratype ”(MEM); 1 adult ♀ (mature and broken apart) with 4 embryos (1 slide), labels: “ Trionymus / setosus n. sp. / larva & adults / On sweet gum / Bird Reserve / A & M College, Miss. / J.N. Roney, Coll. / Dec. 3, 1926 / #602” and “Crawlers / placed on shrub / Sept 28, 1926 / From Durant, / Miss. anal ring [previous two words in pencil] / Mature adult / with larvae / Dec 3, 1926 ” (MEM). The USNM also has a small box of dry adult ♀, here considered as paratypes, with labels: “Lachnodiella liquidambaris m.s. / on Liquidamber styraciflua / (Sweet gum) / Durant Miss. / G.R. Williams, Coll. / Sept. 1926 / In “cow sheds” / built by ants” and also “ Paratype ” [on outside of box]. The label data match the collection information in the original description, which uses both the scientific and common names of the host plant and refers to “cowsheads” built by ants. The holotype slide is broken in two, as noted by Schiefer (2000), and the mountant of two of the paratype slides from MEM is dried out and cracked. Also as noted by Schiefer (2000), some of Lobdell’s type material is missing (e.g., Lobdell described a second-instar female but only adult females and first-instar nymphs are represented in collections) and for the MEM slides the type designations are written only on the envelopes and not on the slides. Furthermore, the slide in the envelope bearing the holotype designation has two adult females but no explicit indication of which is the holotype. We here recognise the larger and more intact specimen as Lobdell’s holotype because the smaller female is so damaged that it could not have been drawn and the label seems to indicate that the illustration was made from this slide. We consider the two slides of specimens collected on 28 September 1926 to be part of the type series because, although Lobdell (1930) lists the original collection as made on 18 September 1926, she states that the descriptions of the first-instar nymph and adult female were made from material collected on 28 September. She also states that an immature female was reared at A. & M. College until slide-mounted on 26 October. The original description gives the number of anal ring setae as 12–36; 12 is atypically low number of anal ring setae, but the mature and broken female that was reared and then collected on 3 December 1926 has 12 anal ring setae and the label has a pencil annotation “anal ring”, suggesting that Lobdell saw the unusual anal ring and used this female as part of the description. The five slides of adult females in the BME are part of the G.F. Ferris collection and one slide also has an additional label: “ Ferrisiana / setosa / (Lobdell)”, which was the name used by Ferris (1950) in his redescription. Lobdell (1930) makes no mention of specimens being sent to Ferris and we believe that this material must have been acquired by him much later, presumably from the MEM. We consider these BME specimens to be part of the type series and we here treat them as paratypes. Other material examined. U.S.A., Mississippi: 6 adult ♀ (3 slides), ex sweet gum, Goodman, 12.x.1927, G.R. Williams, attended by Crematogaster laeviuscular (MEM); 1 adult ♀, same locality as previous but collected 12.x.1928, M.R. Smith (MEM); 8 adult ♀ (4 slides), ex sweet gum, Mayhew, 14.iv.1927, M.R. Smith (3 slides MEM, 1 slide USNM); 3 adult ♀ (1 slide), ex sweet gum, West Point, 52E Broad St., vii.1929, L. H. Shropshire (MEM). The only records of this species are from (i) the original 1926 collection from Durant, Mississippi, U.S.A., where it was found near the roots of sweet gum, Liquidambar styraciflua (Altingiaceae), under shelters built by Argentine ants [Linepithema humile Mayr] (Lobdell 1930) and (ii) from non-type slides of specimens, also from sweet gum in Mississippi (as listed above). The adult female was described and illustrated by Lobdell (1930) and Ferris (1950) (redrawn here, Fig. 18). This species is most similar to F. claviseta, F. gilli and F. quaintancii as the adult female of all four species lacks the anterior pair of ostioles, and all four species are native to the southeastern U.S.A. However F. setosa is most distinctive in having an anal ring with numerous anal ring setae (12–36, compared with six in all other Ferrisia species). Also each anal lobe cerarius has two to four conical setae, and the openings of the posterior pair of ostioles are lightly sclerotised. There are abundant setae on the abdomen and these are especially noticeable on the venter posterior to the vulva. Multilocular pores are restricted to a few around the vulva and these typically number 1–3 or can be absent. There are about 50 enlarged tubular ducts on the dorsum, mostly marginally around body and usually with one duct on each side of each abdominal segment. There appears to be no recent collections of this species.Published as part of Kaydan, M. B. & Gullan, P. J., 2012, 3543, pp. 1-65 in Zootaxa 3543 on pages 44-4

Ferrisia multiformis Granara de Willink

Ferrisia multiformis Granara de Willink (Fig. 15) Ferrisia multiformis Granara de Willink, 1991 a: 181. This species was described and illustrated by Granara de Willink (1991) from Parthenium (Asteraceae) in Argentina based on the holotype and 10 paratype adult females (housed in IMLA, BMNH and USNM). We found no specimens of this species among the unidentified South American material that we examined. We examined the two paratype specimens housed in the USNM and noted the following diagnostic features: both pairs of ostioles are present, multilocular disc pores are present only posterior to the vulva, the dorsal enlarged tubular ducts never number more than two, the hind trochanter + femur is less than 300 µm long, with a ratio of hind trochanter + femur to tibia + tarsus of about 1.1, and the antennae are each about 400 µm long. We have modified the original illustration of the adult female of this species (Fig. 15) based on examination of the paratypes in the USNM. The original drawing showed oral-collar tubular ducts dorsally, but this appears to be an error, possibly resulting from interpreting large discoidal pores as the openings of ducts.Published as part of Kaydan, M. B. & Gullan, P. J., 2012, 3543, pp. 1-65 in Zootaxa 3543 on page 3

Ferrisia terani Williams & Granara de Willink

Ferrisia terani Williams & Granara de Willink (Fig. 19) Ferrisia terani Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 181. Type material examined. Paratype: 1 adult ♀, ex Citrus, ARGENTINA, Tucumán, 26.vii.1977, C. Granara de Willink (USNM). Other material examined. 2 adult ♀ (2 slides, DNA vouchers FBK015 & PG90), ex Citrus, ARGENTINA, Tucumán, S. M. de Tucumán, May 2002, M.C. Granara de Willink (BME); 1 adult ♀, ex Persea sp., MEXICO, San Antonio, 15.vi.1972, C. Parker, 4009 (USNM); 1 adult ♀, ex leaf of Eriobotrya sp., MEXICO, intercepted at Los Angeles 049882, 27.v.1985, D. Roll, 85-8491 (USNM); 2 adult ♀ (on slide with a non- Ferrisia mealybug), ex Jodina rhombifolia, URUGUAY, Colonia Suiza, H.L. Parker, received 7.ix.1944, So. Amer. Par. Lab., 869-10 (USNM); 2 adult ♀ (2 slides), ex Vaccinium ashei, USA, Florida, Hawthorne, 21.xi.1997, J. Beckwith, E97-4417 (FSCA). Other material of doubtful identity (not totally typical of F. terani): 1 adult ♀, ex Opuntia sp., MEXICO 18.ii.1993, H. Griab, El Pugo 42832, 93 03393 (USNM). This female has wider enlarged tubular ducts (width at duct mid-length: 6.0–7.3 µm on head; 7.0–8.3 µm on posterior abdomen) than typical specimens of F. terani (see below), but the ducts may have been distorted by overheating in KOH during clearing. The antennae (ca. 700 µm long) and legs of this Mexican specimen also are slightly longer than these appendages on the paratype of F. terani that we examined. This species was described from citrus and cassava in Argentina and Guatemala (Williams & Granara de Willink 1992). Other collections (listed above) suggest that the species is quite widespread in South America and Mexico and also polyphagous, with host-plant records from Ericaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Lauraceae, Rosaceae, Rutaceae and Santalaceae, and perhaps also Cactaceae if the female from Opuntia belongs to this species. The adult female is described and well illustrated in the original description (redrawn and modifed here, Fig. 19). It resembles the adult female of F. malvastra in having multilocular pores around the vulva only (fewer than 9 pores for F. terani) and having narrow dorsal enlarged tubular ducts, with a shaft diameter of 4.0–5.0 µm at mid-length (unless the specimen has been over-cleared in KOH, which distorts duct width), with the ducts narrower on the head than on the abdomen. The adult female of F. terani can be distinguished from that of F. malvastra by its slender body shape (body broadly oval for F. malvastra) and by having the dorsal enlarged tubular ducts on the posterior abdominal segments with the associated setae situated inside a large sclerotised area surrounding each duct (setae usually situated on the edge of a small sclerotised area surrounding each duct in F. malvastra).Published as part of Kaydan, M. B. & Gullan, P. J., 2012, 3543, pp. 1-65 in Zootaxa 3543 on page 4