TRAF6 Mediates IL-1β/LPS-Induced Suppression of TGF-β Signaling through Its Interaction with the Type III TGF-β Receptor

Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is an important anti-inflammatory cytokine that modulates and resolves inflammatory responses. Recent studies have demonstrated that inflammation enhances neoplastic risk and potentiates tumor progression. In the evolution of cancer, pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β must overcome the anti-inflammatory effects of TGF-β to boost pro-inflammatory responses in epithelial cells. Here we show that IL-1β or Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) suppresses TGF-β-induced anti-inflammatory signaling in a NF-κB-independent manner. TRAF6, a key molecule in IL-1β signaling, mediates this suppressive effect through interaction with the type III TGF-β receptor (TβRIII), which is TGF-β-dependent and requires type I TGF-β receptor (TβRI) kinase activity. TβRI phosphorylates TβRIII at residue S829, which promotes the TRAF6/TβRIII interaction and consequent sequestration of TβRIII from the TβRII/TβRI complex. Our data indicate that IL-1β enhances the pro-inflammatory response by suppressing TGF-βsignaling through TRAF6-mediated sequestration of TβRIII, which may be an important contributor to the early stages of tumor progression

The Political Economy of European Wine Regulations

The EU wine market is heavily regulated. Despite the many distortions in the wine market as a consequence, refirming the regulations has proven difficult. This paper analyses the political economy mechanism that created the existing set of wine regulations. We document the historical origins of the regulations and relate these to political pressures that resulted from international integration, technological innovations and economic developments

Variations de coloris des fleurs de Sarothamnus scoparius et origine du Sarothamnus Andreanus

Volume: 67Start Page: 318End Page: 32

Sur Un Fruit Anormal De Pirus Malus

Volume: 47Start Page: 102End Page: 10

Quelques Observations T\ue9ratologiques

Volume: 50Start Page: 559End Page: 56

Quelques Observations T\ue9ratologiques

Volume: 41Start Page: 561End Page: 56

Rapport Sur Les D\ue9gats Caus\ue9s Au Mus\ue9um D\u27histoire Naturelle De Paris Par Les Obus De L\u27arm\ue9e Allemande Pendant Le Bombardement De Paris En Janvier 1871

Volume: 18Start Page: 9End Page: 1

cber die Byssus der Acephalen, nebst einigen Bemerkungen zur Anatomie der Tichogonia Chemnitzii Ro fsm. (Mytilus polymorphus Pall.)

Volume: 3Start Page: 1End Page: 4