Prevalencia del virus de la diarrea viral bovina y de animales portadores del virus en bovinos en la provincia de Espinar, Cusco.

The prevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in 406 cattle was evaluated of both sexes and older than 6 months. Animals belonged to 114 small farmers from three rural communities of the province of Espinar, Cusco, Peru. Blood samples were collected according to three age groups Ɩ-12, 13-23, \u3e24 months old). Serum samples were tested for antibodies against BVDV using the viral neutralization test. The 56.2 ± 4.8% 鴤/406) of samples had antibodies against BVDV. Persistently infected animals were not detected. Antibodies were present in the three age groups, but the highest prevalence ࿡.4%) was detected in animals older than 24 months of age. The 51.3% ྴ/39) of young and adult bulls had antibodies against BVDV. Antibodies titers varied from 2 to \u3e256, and high titers 鳀 to \u3e256) were detected in 42.1% of animals of 13 to \u3e24 months of age. The 86.8% ဃ/114) of the small farmers had at least one animal seropositive to BVDV

Cellular Responses and Tissue Depots for Nanoformulated Antiretroviral Therapy.

Long-acting nanoformulated antiretroviral therapy (nanoART) induces a range of innate immune migratory, phagocytic and secretory cell functions that perpetuate drug depots. While recycling endosomes serve as the macrophage subcellular depots, little is known of the dynamics of nanoART-cell interactions. To this end, we assessed temporal leukocyte responses, drug uptake and distribution following both intraperitoneal and intramuscular injection of nanoformulated atazanavir (nanoATV). Local inflammatory responses heralded drug distribution to peritoneal cell populations, regional lymph nodes, spleen and liver. This proceeded for three days in male Balb/c mice. NanoATV-induced changes in myeloid populations were assessed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) with CD45, CD3, CD11b, F4/80, and GR-1 antibodies. The localization of nanoATV within leukocyte cell subsets was determined by confocal microscopy. Combined FACS and ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry assays determined nanoATV carriages by cell-based vehicles. A robust granulocyte, but not peritoneal macrophage nanoATV response paralleled zymosan A treatment. ATV levels were highest at sites of injection in peritoneal or muscle macrophages, dependent on the injection site. The spleen and liver served as nanoATV tissue depots while drug levels in lymph nodes were higher than those recorded in plasma. Dual polymer and cell labeling demonstrated a nearly exclusive drug reservoir in macrophages within the liver and spleen. Overall, nanoART induces innate immune responses coincident with rapid tissue macrophage distribution. Taken together, these works provide avenues for therapeutic development designed towards chemical eradication of human immunodeficiency viral infection

Cellular Responses and Tissue Depots for Nanoformulated Antiretroviral Therapy.

Long-acting nanoformulated antiretroviral therapy (nanoART) induces a range of innate immune migratory, phagocytic and secretory cell functions that perpetuate drug depots. While recycling endosomes serve as the macrophage subcellular depots, little is known of the dynamics of nanoART-cell interactions. To this end, we assessed temporal leukocyte responses, drug uptake and distribution following both intraperitoneal and intramuscular injection of nanoformulated atazanavir (nanoATV). Local inflammatory responses heralded drug distribution to peritoneal cell populations, regional lymph nodes, spleen and liver. This proceeded for three days in male Balb/c mice. NanoATV-induced changes in myeloid populations were assessed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) with CD45, CD3, CD11b, F4/80, and GR-1 antibodies. The localization of nanoATV within leukocyte cell subsets was determined by confocal microscopy. Combined FACS and ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry assays determined nanoATV carriages by cell-based vehicles. A robust granulocyte, but not peritoneal macrophage nanoATV response paralleled zymosan A treatment. ATV levels were highest at sites of injection in peritoneal or muscle macrophages, dependent on the injection site. The spleen and liver served as nanoATV tissue depots while drug levels in lymph nodes were higher than those recorded in plasma. Dual polymer and cell labeling demonstrated a nearly exclusive drug reservoir in macrophages within the liver and spleen. Overall, nanoART induces innate immune responses coincident with rapid tissue macrophage distribution. Taken together, these works provide avenues for therapeutic development designed towards chemical eradication of human immunodeficiency viral infection

PREVALENCE OF BOVINE VIRAL DIARRHEA VIRUS AND PERSISTENTLY INFECTED CATTLE IN THE PROVINCE OF ESPINAR, CUSCO

Se determinó la prevalencia del virus de la diarrea viral bovina (VDVB) en bovinos mayores a seis meses de edad, entre hembras y machos (n = 406), pertenecientes a 114 pequeños criadores de tres comunidades de la cuenca de Ccañipía, provincia de Espinar, departamento del Cusco. La colección de sangre se realizó en tres grupos, según la edad (6 a 12, 13 a 23 y >24 meses de edad), para la detección de anticuerpos contra el VDVB, mediante la prueba de neutralización viral. El 56.2 ± 4.8% (228/406) de las muestras tuvieron anticuerpos contra el VDVB. No se detectaron animales portadores del virus. Animales con anticuerpos fueron encontrados en los tres grupos etarios pero el 65.4% (149/ 228) de serorreactores estuvieron en el grupo mayor de 24 meses. El 51.3% (20/39) de los toros jóvenes y adultos presentaron anticuerpos contra el VDVB. Los títulos de anticuerpos variaron entre 2 a mayor a 256. El 42.1% de animales entre 13 a >24 meses de edad tuvo títulos entre 128 a >256. El 86.8% (99/114) de los criadores tuvieron al menos un animal seropositivo al VDVB.The prevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) was evaluated in 406 cattle ofboth sexes and older than 6 months. Animals belonged to 114 small farmers from threerural communities of the province of Espinar, Cusco, Peru. Blood samples were collectedaccording to three age groups (6-12, 13-23, >24 months old). Serum samples were testedfor antibodies against BVDV using the viral neutralization test. The 56.2 ± 4.8% (228/406)of samples had antibodies against BVDV. Persistently infected animals were not detected.Antibodies were present in the three age groups, but the highest prevalence (65.4%) was detected in animals older than 24 months of age. The 51.3% (20/39) of young and adultbulls had antibodies against BVDV. Antibodies titers varied from 2 to >256, and hightiters (128 to >256) were detected in 42.1% of animals of 13 to >24 months of age. The86.8% (99/114) of the small farmers had at least one animal seropositive to BVDV

Cellular Responses and Tissue Depots for Nanoformulated Antiretroviral Therapy.

Long-acting nanoformulated antiretroviral therapy (nanoART) induces a range of innate immune migratory, phagocytic and secretory cell functions that perpetuate drug depots. While recycling endosomes serve as the macrophage subcellular depots, little is known of the dynamics of nanoART-cell interactions. To this end, we assessed temporal leukocyte responses, drug uptake and distribution following both intraperitoneal and intramuscular injection of nanoformulated atazanavir (nanoATV). Local inflammatory responses heralded drug distribution to peritoneal cell populations, regional lymph nodes, spleen and liver. This proceeded for three days in male Balb/c mice. NanoATV-induced changes in myeloid populations were assessed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) with CD45, CD3, CD11b, F4/80, and GR-1 antibodies. The localization of nanoATV within leukocyte cell subsets was determined by confocal microscopy. Combined FACS and ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry assays determined nanoATV carriages by cell-based vehicles. A robust granulocyte, but not peritoneal macrophage nanoATV response paralleled zymosan A treatment. ATV levels were highest at sites of injection in peritoneal or muscle macrophages, dependent on the injection site. The spleen and liver served as nanoATV tissue depots while drug levels in lymph nodes were higher than those recorded in plasma. Dual polymer and cell labeling demonstrated a nearly exclusive drug reservoir in macrophages within the liver and spleen. Overall, nanoART induces innate immune responses coincident with rapid tissue macrophage distribution. Taken together, these works provide avenues for therapeutic development designed towards chemical eradication of human immunodeficiency viral infection

High Turnover of Tissue Macrophages Contributes to Tuberculosis Reactivation in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Rhesus Macaques.

Background:Tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) profoundly affect the immune system and synergistically accelerate disease progression. It is believed that CD4+ T-cell depletion by HIV is the major cause of immunodeficiency and reactivation of latent TB. Previous studies demonstrated that blood monocyte turnover concurrent with tissue macrophage death from virus infection better predicted AIDS onset than CD4+ T-cell depletion in macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Methods:In this study, we describe the contribution of macrophages to the pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)/SIV coinfection in a rhesus macaque model using in vivo BrdU labeling, immunostaining, flow cytometry, and confocal microscopy. Results:We found that increased monocyte and macrophage turnover and levels of SIV-infected lung macrophages correlated with TB reactivation. All Mtb/SIV-coinfected monkeys exhibited declines in CD4+ T cells regardless of reactivation or latency outcomes, negating lower CD4+ T-cell levels as a primary cause of Mtb reactivation. Conclusions:Results suggest that SIV-related damage to macrophages contributes to Mtb reactivation during coinfection. This also supports strategies to target lung macrophages for the treatment of TB

Differential cell counts in peritoneal lavage.

<p>Following intraperitoneal injection of zymosan A, nanoATV, or P188 (control), cells were collected by peritoneal lavage at 1, 4, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h. Collected cells were stained with antibodies directed against GR-1, CD11b, and F4/80 and sorted by FACS. Mean total cell numbers per mouse ± SEM were calculated from 4–8 mice/treatment group/time point.</p